胶东大尹格庄金矿与夏甸金矿矿化特征对比研究

岩矿石主微量元素地球化学特征以及黄铁矿微量元素地球化学特征对大尹格庄金矿和夏甸金矿矿化规模和矿化特征的差异具有重要的指示意义。岩矿石主量元素迁移特征显示夏甸金矿矿化过程SiO2、Fe2O3的带入量较尹格庄多,表明夏甸金矿具有较好的硅化、黄铁矿化以及较强的金矿化。岩矿石微量元素迁移特征显示大尹格庄金矿成矿过程中Cu、Pb、Zn带入量以及CaO、MgO带入量较夏甸金矿少,表明大尹格庄金矿成矿期活动较弱,携带成矿物质较少。黄铁矿微量元素LA-ICPMS测试分析显示夏甸金矿黄铁矿Cu+Pb+Zn、Ga+In+Cd+Tl、As含量较大尹格庄金矿多,反映夏甸金矿热液活动性较强,金矿化较好。夏甸金矿从围岩到矿体SiO2、Fe2O3含量变化幅度较大以及不同成矿阶段黄铁矿中微量元素Cu+Pb+Zn、Ga+In+Cd+Tl、As变化幅度较大,显示矿化不太稳定,矿化规模较大尹格庄金矿小的特征。

会东-东川地区平顶山组金矿化层位与找矿方向

通过对播卡、新田、小溜口金矿矿化层位的对比研究,认为其矿化层位同属于汤丹群平顶山组。金矿赋矿地层平顶山组为成矿提供了主要物质来源,播卡金矿、新田金矿属于构造蚀变岩型金矿床。认为会东-东川地区平顶山组的找金工作,应以地层、岩浆岩、断裂、蚀变为重要线索。新田矿区及其外围、播卡金矿区控矿剪切破碎带南延地段、小溜口-人民凹-燕子岩地区有继续寻找同类型矿床的潜力。

应用奇异值分解与二维经验模型分解提取金矿化致矿重力异常

奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)和二维经验模型分解(bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition,BE-MD)2种方法用于鲁西铜石金矿田的金矿化致矿重力异常提取。通过对比研究得出如下结论:①基于重力数据,由BEMD和SVD 2种方法获取的铜石金矿田的控矿因素是一致的,为重力负异常的近圆形铜石侵入杂岩体和环绕铜石侵入杂岩体的表现为正异常的接触交代矿化带。②2种方法一致地揭示了控矿因素和不同类型金矿化之间的空间关系:斑岩型金矿化位于杂岩体内,矽卡岩型铁-铜-金矿化位于内接触交代带,卡林型和隐爆角砾岩型金矿床位于外接触交代带。③BEMD的分解结果不但反映了控矿地质体单元(铜石杂岩体)的空间分布特征,亦反映了铜石金矿田的其它地质单元,如NW向表现为明显重力负异常的中生代火山沉积盆地,位于铜石侵入体与中生代火山沉积盆地之间的表现为重力正异常的NW向基底隆起。而由SVD获取的致矿重力异常,更确切地揭示了铜石侵入体和环形接触交代带内部的精细结构特征,环形接触交代带内部具岛状形态的正重力异常可能代表铁-铜-金矿化矽卡岩体。④虽然2种方法在原理和过程方面都不同,但具有明显地质成矿意义的金致矿异常皆可通过各自定义的带通滤波器获取。⑤在成矿地质背景的约束下,由这2种方法获取的综合研究结果比其中任意一种方法获取的结果更全面客观地揭示了控矿因素与金矿化的空间关系。

Enhancement of bio-oxidation of refractory arsenopyritic gold ore by adding pyrolusite in bioleaching system

Pyrolusite was added in the bioleaching process to enhance the bio-oxidation process. Bioleaching tests at different dosages of pyrolusite ore, pH and inoculation amounts of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were studied. The results showed that the time of the bio-oxidation process was decreased obviously and the arsenic leaching rate reached 94.4% after the bioleaching. The bio-oxidation of arsenopyrite and the effective extraction of manganese from pyrolusite were achieved by the bioleaching process. After bioleaching, the leaching rate of gold from the reaction residues reached 95.8% by cyanide leaching. In the bio-oxidation process, pyrolusite increased the redox potential of the solution to accelerate the bioleaching rate. The experiment showed that there were two reaction modes in the bioleaching process.

Mechanism of mechanical activation for spontaneous combustion of sulfide minerals

In order to uncover the intrinsic reasons for spontaneous combustion of sulfide minerals,representative samples were collected from typical metal mines to carry out the mechanical activation experiment.The structures and heat behaviors of activated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis,and simultaneous thermal analysis（STA）.It is found that the sulfide minerals after mechanical activation show many changes with increased specific surface areas,aggregation phenomenon,decreased diffraction peak intensity,broadened diffraction peak,declined initial temperatures of heat release and self-ignition points.A new theory for explaining the spontaneous combustion of sulfide minerals is put forward：the chemical reaction activity of sulfide minerals is heightened by all kinds of mechanical forces during the mining,and the spontaneous combustion takes place finally under proper environment.

甘肃北山地区岩石磁组构特征及其构造意义

甘肃北山地区岩石磁组构特征是磁各向异性度P值大,反映该区总体韧性剪切变形强烈磁椭球扁率E＞0占优势,磁面理发育,部分样品磁线理发育,反映变形以压扁变形为主;但局部剪切拉伸变形明显,最小磁化率轴投影显示变形主压应力为近南北向为主.矿化蚀变的糜棱岩中P值与金品位呈反相关,说明矿化蚀变的热液作用削弱了岩石中已经形成的磁化率各向异性,反映出矿化蚀变晚于构造变形的时序关系.这与该区处于塔-哈两板块碰撞带的大地构造位置以及碰撞带的变形性质、变形样式、变形动力学和运动学,以及成矿作用的特点是相吻合的.

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis on altered mineral muscovite in gold deposit

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) microprobe was used to ananlyse altered mineral muscovite and its surrounding feldspar in Yuerya gold deposit. The major, minor and trace elements of the two minerals were detected and analyzed. SRXRF analysis showed that the Yuerya muscovite had a complex chemical composition, containing K, Fe, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn and many trace or ultra-trace elements. Since muscovite resulted from the alteration of hydrothermal ore fluid acting on feldspar (plagioclase), the difference of chemical composition between the two minerals shows the components of ore fluid, which are characterized by the enrichment of alkaline and alkaline-earth metal elements K, Ca and ore-associated elements Fe, Cu, Zn. And gold, silver and platinum, invisible under microscope, were detected in some areas of muscovite, but not found in feldspar. Espe- cially platinum, a mantle material, is rarely seen in the earth crust but now found in the gold deposit of magmatic sources; its appearance approves the idea of mantle flux participating in the gold mineralization, which suggests that the tectonic event controlling gold mineralization in the Yuerya district is a mantle phenomenon.

Separation of sulfide lead-zinc-silver ore under low alkalinity condition

A complex lead-zinc-silver sulfide ore containing 2.98% Pb, 6.49% Zn and 116.32×10^-4 % Ag （mass fraction） from Yunnan Province, China, was subjected to this work. Research on mineral processing was conducted according to the properties of the lead-zinc-silver ore. Under low alkalinity condition, the lead minerals are successfully separated from the zinc minerals with new reagent YZN as zinc depressant, new reagent BPB as lead collector, CuSO4 as zinc activator and ethyl xanthate as zinc collector. The associated silver is mostly concentrated to the lead concentrate. With the process utilized in this work, a lead concentrate of 51.90% Pb with a recovery of 82.34% and a zinc concentrate of 56.96% Zn with a recovery of 81.98% are produced. The silver recovery in the lead concentrate is 80.61%. Interactions of flotation reagents with minerals were investigated, of which the results indicate that the presence of proper amount of Na2S can precipitate Pb^2＋ and has a sulfidation on oxidized lead minerals. The results also show that NazCO3 and YZN used together as combined depressants for sphalerite can signally improve the depressing effect of new reagent YZN on sphalerite.

Acid mine drainage and heavy metal contamination in groundwater of metal sulfide mine at arid territory (BS mine,Western Australia)

The issues of acid mine drainage （AMD） and heavy metals contamination in the metal sulfide mine in the add district were explored, through studying the acidification and the heavy metals distribution and evolution of groundwater in the black swan （BS） nickel sulfide mine （Western Australia）. The groundwater samples were collected from the drilling holes situated in the vicinity of tailings storage facility （TSF） and in the background of the mine （away from TSF）, respectively, and the pH and electric conductivity （Ec） were measured in site and the metal contents were analysed by ICP-MS and ICP-AES, quarterly in one hydrological year. The results disclose that the TSF groundwater is remarkably acidified （.pHmean=5, pHmin=3）, and the average contents of heavy metals （Co, Cu, Zn, Cd） and Al, Mn are of 1-2 orders of magnitude higher in TSF groundwater than in background groundwater. It may be due to the percolation of tailings waste water from miU process, which leads the tailings to oxidize and the deep groundwater to acidify and contaminate with heavy metals. Besides, the heavy metals concentration in groundwater may be controlled by pH mainly.

Ar-Ar Dating of Baimazhai Nickel-Copper-(PGE) Sulphide Deposit and Its Significance, Southeast Yunnan Province, China

The Baimazhai Ni-Cu- (PGE) sulphide deposit in southeast Yunnan Province is hosted in mafic-ultramafic intrusions associated with the Permian Emeishan large igneous province. The deposit, one of several in the province, exhibits field and petrographic features suggestive of post-magmatic modification. The mafic-ultramafic intrusions that host the Baimazhai sulphide ores show near-pervasive to pervasive hydrothermal alteration, with the sulphides be- ing spatially associated with hydrothermal minerals such as biotite, amphibole and chlorite. This intimate association suggests that the sulphide ores were subjected to deformational and hydrothermal redistribution and textural changes resulting in disseminated and brecciated ores. Geochemically the Baimazhai sulphide ores are enriched in Cu, Pd and Au which, according to published studies, reflects the action of hydrothermal fluids. Interestingly, Ar-Ar age data yielded plateau ages of about 160-170 Ma, which also supports the modification features of the sulfide ores.

Typical roles of metal ions in mineral flotation:A review

In flotation,metal ions possess significant roles that are usually fulfilled by either selectively activating or depressing the target minerals.Despite that tremendous efforts have been made to address the roles of metal ions in flotation,it still lacks a comprehensive review,especially to compare various ions instead of focusing on a specific one.This review begins by elaborately categorizing the factors involved in affecting the roles of metal ions in flotation.After that,well-accepted mechanisms are updated and discussed from the ore type.Furthermore,typical approaches to explore the underlying mechanisms are emphasized,including traditional techniques such as micro-flotation,contact angle measurement,zeta potential measurement,and other recent prevailing methodologies,like computational method,solution chemistry calculation,and cyclic voltammetry.This work will pave the way to promote flotations via activities like selectively adding/reducing metal ions,choosing reagents,and regulating the slurry chemistry.

Sulfide mineral bioleaching:Understanding of microbe-chemistry assisted hydrometallurgy technology and acid mine drainage environment protection

Bioleaching is regarded as an essential technology to treat low grade minerals,with the distinctive superiorities of lower-cost and environment-friendly compared with traditional pyrometallurgy method.However,the bioleaching efficiency is unsatisfactory owing to the passivation film formed on the minerals surface.It is of particular interest to know the dissolution and passivation mechanism of sulfide minerals in the presence of microorganism.Although bioleaching can be useful in extracting metals,it is a double-edged sword.Metallurgical activities have caused serious environmental problems such as acid mine drainage(AMD).The understanding of some common sulfide minerals bioleaching processes and protection of AMD environment is reviewed in this article.

Characterization of an iron oxy/hydroxide(gossan type) bearing refractory gold and silver ore by diagnostic leaching

A detailed characterization of an iron oxy/hydroxide(gossan type) bearing refractory gold/silver ore was performed with a new diagnostic approach for the development of a pretreatment process prior to cyanide leaching. Gold was observed to be present as native and electrum(6-24 μm in size) and associated with limonite, goethite and lepidocrocite within calcite and quartz matrix. Mineral liberation analysis(MLA) showed that electrum is found as free grains and in association with beudantite, limonite/goethite and quartz. Silver was mainly present as acanthite(Ag2S) and electrum and as inclusions within beudantite phase in the ore. The cyanide leaching tests showed that the extractions of gold and silver from the ore(d80: 50 μm) were limited to 76% and 23%, respectively, over a leaching period of 24 h. Diagnostic leaching tests coupled with the detailed mineralogical analysis of the ore suggest that the refractory gold and silver are mainly associated within iron oxide mineral phases such as limonite/goethite and jarosite-beudantite, which can be decomposed in alkaline solutions. Based on these characterizations, alkaline pretreatment of ore in potassium hydroxide solution was performed prior to cyanidation, which improved significantly the extraction of silver and gold up to 87% Ag and 90% Au. These findings suggest that alkaline leaching can be used as a new diagnostic approach to characterize the refractoriness of iron oxy/hydroxide bearing gold/silver ore and as a pretreatment method to overcome the refractoriness.

Bio-dissolution of pyrite by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The dissolution of pyrite was studied with Phanerochaete chrysosporium(P.chrysosporium).This fungus resulted in the dissolution of 18%iron and 33%sulfur.The oxidization layer was formed on the pyrite surface,which probably consisted of iron oxide,iron oxy-hydroxide,iron sulfate,elemental sulfur and mycelia.The electrochemical characteristics of pyrite were studied in the systems without and with P.chrysosporium.P.chrysosporium could accelerate the dissolution of pyrite by decreasing pitting potential and polarization resistance plus improving polarization current,corrosion potential and corrosion current density.The dissolution of pyrite is the combined effect of enzymes,hydrogen peroxide,ferric iron and organic acids.Enzymes attack the chemical bonds by free radicals.Organic acids dissolve pyrite by acidolysis and complexolysis.Enzymes and hydrogen peroxide play an essential role in this process.

Geological and geochemical prediction on deeply-seated ore-bodies in Haigou gold deposit of Jilin,China

Lode 28 is the largest gold-bearing quartz vein in Haigou gold deposit, and the lode itself contains more than 301 of gold. Geochemical study shows that 12 trace elements related gold mineralization can be divided into 5 metallogenic factors （element assemblages）. The high values of F1 , F2 and F4 together indicate overlapped of multiple stages of gold mineralization, revealing high potential of gold mineralization at depth ; the single high value of F4 represents the root of an existing ore body while high values of F3 and F4 show the intervals of barton sectors in the lode. Comprehensive geochemical studies show the high prospeetion potential below the 14^th level and between lines 39-71. It is also prospective to look for blind ore-bodies between lines 15-29 and below the 10^th level.

Stochastic optimization of mine production scheduling with uncertain ore/metal/waste supply

Optimization of long-term mine production scheduling in open pit mines deals with the management of cash flows, typically in the order of hundreds of millions of dollars. Conventional mine scheduling utilizes optimization methods that are not capable of accounting for inherent technical uncertainties such as uncertainty in the expected ore/metal supply from the underground, acknowledged to be the most critical factor. To integrate ore/metal uncertainty into the optimization of mine production scheduling a stochastic integer programming(SIP) formulation is tested at a copper deposit. The stochastic solution maximizes the economic value of a project and minimizes deviations from production targets in the presence of ore/metal uncertainty. Unlike the conventional approach, the SIP model accounts and manages risk in ore supply, leading to a mine production schedule with a 29% higher net present value than the schedule obtained from the conventional, industry-standard optimization approach, thus contributing to improving the management and sustainable utilization of mineral resources.

Mineralization enrichment regularity of gold deposit in Shangzhuang, northwestern Jiaodong

Shangzhuang gold deposit located in the Wangershan fault zone of northwestern Jiaodong is of meso- hypogenic altered rock type. The ore bodies occur at the hanging wall and footwall of Wangershan fault in vein or irregular shapes with the NE strike, NW trend, 30° -60°~ in dip and the lateral trending of SW. The ores are composed of pyrite, quartz, sericite, bismuthinite, native gold, bismuth sulfosah minerals, chalcopyrite, etc. , shown as brecciated structure and vein structure with metasomatic dissolution textures. The wall rock altera- tion is mainly described as phyllic alteration and silicification. The mineralization of this deposit is controlled by structure and altered rocks. The ore-controlling fault structures of this deposit is Wangershan fault, of which the intersection of major fault and secondary fault is the main ore-bearing position of this gold deposit, and the lar- ger arc curved position is a favorable part for ore body occurrence. On the plane, the ore body is shown as equi- distant pinch-out reproduction.

Risk quantification in grade variability of gold deposits using sequential Gaussian simulation

Risk quantification in grade is critical for mine design and planning.Grade uncertainty is assessed using multiple grade realizations,from geostatistical conditional simulations,which are effective to evaluate local or global uncertainty by honouring spatial correlation structures.The sequential Gaussian conditional simulation was used to assess uncertainty of grade estimates and illustrate simulated models in Sivas gold deposit,Turkey.In situ variability and risk quantification of the gold grade were assessed by probabilistic approach based on the sequential Gaussian simulations to yield a series of conditional maps characterized by equally probable spatial distribution of the gold grade for the study area.The simulation results were validated by a number of tests such as descriptive statistics,histogram,variogram and contour map reproductions.The case study demonstrates the efficiency of the method in assessing risk associated with geological and engineering variable such as the gold grade variability and distribution.The simulated models can be incorporated into exploration,exploitation and scheduling of the gold deposit.