钛合金/钢异种材料熔化焊研究现状

钛合金具有比强度高、耐腐蚀和耐高温等优点,但其推广应用受限于高制造成本。而钢是应用最广泛的传统结构材料,具有制造成本低、力学性能优异等优点,但其具有高温可靠性且耐蚀性较差、密度比较大。钛合金/钢异种材料的高可靠性连接能充分发挥两种材料在性能和经济上的优势互补,在航空航天、能源化工、海洋装备和医疗器械等诸多领域具有广阔的应用前景。因此,开展钛合金与钢连接方面的研究工作具有重大意义。钛合金和钢在物理化学性能方面的差异导致二者连接过程中存在诸多问题,主要集中于以下两个方面:(1)残余应力大。由于热膨胀系数的差异性,钛合金/钢异质材料连接接头会产生较大的残余应力,严重影响连接接头的可靠性。(2)脆性金属间化合物的形成。室温下,Fe在Ti中的固溶度极小(仅为0.05%~0.1%),而在钛合金/钢连接接头中容易形成一系列Fe-Ti脆性金属间化合物,造成接头脆化、韧性降低甚至开裂。近年来,研究人员通过改变连接工艺和制备合金化焊料等措施调控脆性金属间化合物的形成,改善接头的可靠性,取得了一些突破性进展。在诸多连接方法中,熔化焊方法具有焊前准备简单、生产效率高和连接件尺寸外形限制少等特点,是实现钛合金/钢异质金属高可靠性连接的主要焊接方式。本文总结了近年来采用熔化焊方法实现钛合金/钢连接的国内外研究成果,探讨了中间层种类、焊接参数对接头微观组织演变和力学性能变化的影响规律,讨论了钛合金/钢连接技术存在的问题,以期为钛合金/钢连接领域的研究和技术发展提供理论依据及技术参考。

钛合金与钢异种材料钎焊研究现状

钛合金与钢复合构件在航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景,实现钛/钢复合构件工程化应用的关键是获得性能优良的钛/钢连接接头。综述了钛/钢钎焊的研究现状,系统阐述了银基钎料、钛基钎料、瞬时液相扩散焊及复合中间层工艺连接钛/钢的研究成果,并进行了总结与展望。

Interfacial structure and mechanical properties of hot-roll bonded joints between titanium alloy and stainless steel using niobium interlayer

The hot-roll bonding was carried out in vacuum between titanium alloy and stainless steel using niobium interlayer. The interfacial structure and mechanical properties were analyzed. The results show that the plasticity of bonded joint is improved significantly. When the bonding temperature is 800 °C or 900 °C, there is not intermetallic layer at the interface between stainless steel and niobium. When the bonding temperature is 1000 °C or 1050 °C, Fe-Nb intermetallic layer forms at the interface. When the bonding temperature is 1050 °C, cracking occurs between stainless steel and intermetallic layer. The maximum strength of -417.5 MPa is obtained at the bonding temperature of 900 °C, the reduction of 25% and the rolling speed of 38 mm/s, and the tensile specimen fractures in the niobium interlayer with plastic fracture characteristics. When the hot-roll bonded transition joints were TIG welded with titanium alloy and stainless steel respectively, the tensile strength of the transition joints after TIG welding is -410.3 MPa, and the specimen fractures in the niobium interlayer.

Effect of intermetallic compounds on heat resistance of hot roll bonded titanium alloy-stainless steel transition joint

The effect of intermetallic compounds on the heat resistance of transition joint was investigated. The experiment of post-weld heat treatment for the hot roll bonded titanium alloy-stainless steel joint using nickels interlayer was carried out, and the interface microstructure evolution due to heat treatment was presented. There was not found significant interdiffusion at stainless steel/nickel interface, when the specimens were heat treated in the temperature range of 600-800 °C for 10 and 30 min, while micro-cracks occurred at the stainless steel/nickel interface heat treated at 700 °C for 30 min. The thickness of intermetallic layers at nickel/titanium alloy interface increased at 600 °C, and micro-cracks occurred at 700 and 800 °C. The micro-cracks occurred between intermetallic layers or between intermetallic layer and nickel interlayer as well. The tensile strength of the transition joint decreased with the increase of heat treatment temperature or holding time.

Influences of different filler metals on electron beam welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel

Electron beam welding experiments of titanium alloy to stainless steel were carried out with different filler metals, such as Ni, V, and Cu. Microstructures of the joints were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated according to tensile strength and microhardness. As a result, influences of filler metals on microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam welded titanium-stainless steel joints were discussed. The results showed that all the filler metals were helpful to restrain the Ti-Fe intermetallics. The welds with different filler metals were all characterized by solid solution and interfacial intermetallics. For each type of the filler metal, the type of solid solution and interfacial intermetallics depended on the metallurgical reactions between the filler metals and base metals. The interfacial intermetallics were Fe2Ti＋Ni3Ti＋NiTi2, TiFe, and Cu2Ti＋CuTi＋CuTi2 in the joints welded with Ni, V, and Cu filler metals, respectively. The tensile strengths of the joints were dependent on the hardness of the interfacial intermetallics. The joint welded with Ag filler metal had the highest tensile strength, which is about 310 MPa.

New development of powder metallurgy in automotive industry

The driving force for using powder metallurgy(PM)mostly relies on its near net-shape ability and cost-performance ratio.The automotive application is a main market of PM industry,requiring parts with competitive mechanical or functional performance in a mass production scale.As the automobile technology transforms from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles to new energy vehicles,PM technology is undergoing significant changes in manufacturing and materials development.This review outlines the challenges and opportunities generated by the changes in the automotive technology for PM.Low-cost,high-performance and light-weight are critical aspects for future PM materials development.Therefore,the studies on PM lean-alloyed steel,aluminum alloys,and titanium alloy materials were reviewed.In addition,PM soft magnetic composite applied to new energy vehicles was discussed.Then new opportunities for advanced processing,such as metal injection molding(MIM)and additive manufacturing(AM),in automotive industry were stated.In general,the change in automotive industry raises sufficient development space for PM.While,emerging technologies require more preeminent PM materials.Iron-based parts are still the main PM products due to their mechanical performance and low cost.MIM will occupy the growing market of highly flexible and complex parts.AM opens a door for fast prototyping,great flexibility and customizing at low cost,driving weight and assembling reduction.

Scope for improved properties of dissimilar joints of ferrous and non-ferrous metals

Dissimilar joints(DSJs)of ferrous and non-ferrous metals have huge technological importance in the frontiers of newdesigns in new machineries and improved design of conventional systems.This investigation was undertaken to improve mechanicalproperties of joints of two dissimilar metals:one is Ti-based and the other is Fe-based.DSJs were processed using bonding pressurefrom1to9MPa in step of2MPa at750°C for60min.Properties of the DSJs of these two metals using different mechanisms andmethods were compared with the present research for verification.Experimental results from the diffusion bonding mechanism forjoining the dissimilar metals validated the improvement in properties.Superior mechanical properties of dissimilar-metals joints wereachieved mainly due to the third non-ferrous metallic foil,Ni of^200-?m thickness,which avoided the formation of brittleFe-Ti-based intermetallics in the diffusion zone.DSJs processed are able to achieve maximum strength of^560MPa along withsubstantial ductility of^11.9%,which is the best ever reported in the literatures so far.Work hardening effect was detected in theDSJs when the bonding was processed at5MPa and above.Bulging ratio of the non-ferrous metal(Ti-based)was much higher thanthat of the ferrous metal(SS)of the DSJs processed.SEM analysis was carried out to know the details of reaction zone,while XRDwas carried out to support the SEM results.Reasons for change in mechanical,physical,and fracture properties of the DSJs with theprocess parameter variations were clarified.

Vacuum Brazing of TiAl Based Alloy with 40Cr Steel

The vacuum brazing of TiAl based alloy with 40Cr steel was investigated using Ag-Cu-Ti filler metal. The experimental results show that the Ag, Cu, Ti atoms in the filler metal and the base metal inter-diffuse toward each other during brazing and react at the interface to form an inter-metallic AlCu 2Ti compound which joins two parts to produce a brazing joint with higher strength.

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with a copper sheet as interlayer was carried out.Microstructures of the joint were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).In addition,the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated by tensile test and the microhardness was measured.These two alloys were successfully welded by adding copper transition layer into the weld.Solid solution with a certain thickness was located at the interfaces between weld and base metal in both sides.Regions inside the weld and near the stainless steel were characterized by solid solution of copper with TiFe2 intermetallics dispersedly distributed in it.While weld near titanium alloy contained Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe-Cu intermetallics layer,in which the hardness of weld came to the highest value.Brittle fracture occurred in the intermetallics layer when the joint was stretched.