不同含钾物料对土壤钾素含量动态变化影响

采用土培试验方法,以稻草、稻草灰、硅钙钾肥、枸溶性钾肥和氯化钾肥5种含钾物料为试验材料,分别用蒸馏水、1 mol/L中性醋酸铵、2 mol/L冷硝酸、1 mol/L沸硝酸浸提测定土壤各种形态钾素,评估不同含钾物料施用对土壤钾素含量的影响。结果表明,施用含钾物料可以显著提高土壤各形态钾素含量,在等量钾素投入条件下,含钾物料的供钾能力表现出一定的差异。各含钾物料土壤水溶性钾、醋酸铵钾释放速率高低表现为氯化钾肥、稻草灰>稻草、硅钙钾肥和枸溶性钾肥;与土壤水溶性钾和醋酸铵钾变化不同,土壤冷硝酸钾含量在培养前期以稻草灰、氯化钾肥和硅钙钾肥的处理显著高于枸溶性钾肥和稻草处理,但随着枸溶性钾肥和稻草钾素的释放,培养后期各处理之间差异不显著;相比于土壤水溶性钾、醋酸铵钾和冷硝酸钾含量而言,土壤沸硝酸钾含量最高,其中培养前期以稻草灰处理的土壤沸硝酸钾含量较高,稻草处理的土壤沸硝酸钾含量较低,两者含量差值可达83.75 mg/kg,经过156天培养后,其含量差值仅为6.91 mg/kg,处理间差异不显著。综合结果说明,稻草灰和氯化钾肥具有同等释放水溶性钾和醋酸铵钾的效果,其次是稻草处理,均可作为速效钾肥施用,而枸溶性钾肥和硅钙钾肥具有缓效释放特性,可与速效钾肥配合施用确保作物整个生育期对钾素的需求。

不同含钾物料对冬油菜产量及钾素吸收的效应

采用大田试验研究稻草、稻草灰、硅钙钾肥、枸溶性钾肥和氯化钾肥5种含钾物料对冬油菜产量及钾素吸收的影响。结果显示,在施钾(K_2O)120 kg/hm^2时,各含钾物料的施用均可显著增加冬油菜产量和钾素累积量,与不施钾对照相比,含钾物料处理的油菜增产率为14.5%~34.9%,地上部钾素(K)总累积量增幅为71.8%~143.0%。不同含钾物料的施用效果不同,以枸溶性钾肥效果最好,其次是稻草灰和氯化钾肥。5种含钾物料的钾素表观利用率以枸溶性钾肥、稻草灰和氯化钾处理较高,其显著高于硅钙钾肥和稻草处理。各含钾物料的施用对土壤钾素供应的影响不同,油菜收获后的土壤速效钾含量以氯化钾肥和稻草灰较高,土壤缓效钾含量则以枸溶性钾肥处理最高,均显著高于其他处理。综合结果表明,在等量钾肥投入下,稻草灰和枸溶性钾肥表现出与氯化钾肥相同的施用效果。

Studies on the Effects of Polyaspartate Protease Fertilizer Enhancer in the Absorptions of Soil Nutrition and the Enzymatic Activities of Crops

The effects of polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer, made from oyster shell proteins, on the absorption of soil nutrition and the enzymatic activities of crops were studied. It has been found that the enhancer contributes 30%, 50% and 50% augmentation of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potassium (K) absorption respectively and about 20% of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme activities of crops. These results show that polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer could improve significantly the absorption and utilization efficiencies of soil nutrition and the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme of crops, thus elevating the utilization rates of chemical fertilizers to a certain extent.

Influence of Long-Term Fertilization on Selenium Accumulation in Soil and Uptake by Crops

Continuous applications of organic and inorganic fertilizers can affect soil and food quality with respect to selenium （Se） concen- trations. A long-term （over 20 years） experimental field study, started in 1989, was conducted to investigate the changes in soil Se fractions and its uptake by crops, as affected by different fertilizer practices, in the North China Plain with an annual crop rotation of winter wheat and summer maize. The long-term experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design consisting of 4 replications with 7 fertilizer treatments： 1） organic compost （OC）, 2） half organic compost plus half N-P-K chemical fertilizers （OC ＋ NPK）, 3） N-P-K fertilizers （NPK）, 4） N-P fertilizers （NP）, 5） P-K fertilizers （PK）, 6） N-K fertilizers （NK）, and 7） an un-amended control. Soil samples from the surface （20 cm） were collected in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009 to characterize Se and other soil properties. In 2009, the average soil Se concentrations in the treatments （149 ± 8 beg kg-1） were higher than those in the soil samples collected in 1989 at the beginning of the experiment （112 4- 4 beg kg-1）, and decreased in the order of OC 〉 OC ＋ NPK 〉 NPK NP 〉 PK NK 〉 control. Sequential extraction showed the oxidizable fraction （50.06%± 3.94%） was the dominant form of Se in the soil, followed by the residual fraction （24.12% ± 2.89%）, exchangeable fraction （15.09% ± 4.34%） and Fe-Mn oxides fraction （10.73%±4.04%）. With an increase of soil K, the exchangeable Se concentrations in the soil increased. The Se concentrations in the soil tillage layer （0-20 cm） were mainly related to soil organic carbon （SOC）, although different contributions came from atmospheric deposition, irrigation and fertilizers. With the accumulation of SOC, the uptakes of soil Se by two crops were inhibited. For the OC and OC ＋ NPK treatments, Se concentrations in wheat grains were lower than the critical standard of Se in stable food （100 μg kg·1]. Additionallv. Se concentrations in grains were also decreased by the deficiencies of major soil nutrients, especially P.