国标与铁标视频监控互联需求解决方法

针对国标GB28181与铁标Q/CR575-2017综合视频互联平台的需求,提出一种基于GB/T28181-2016标准的铁路综合视频国标网关解决方案.该方案利用GB/T28181-2016标准中系统互联标准接口开放的特性,为国标与铁标的互联提供了安全可靠的系统联网技术要求.在这种联网模式下,国标与铁标平台之间可以通过铁路综合视频国标网关相互访问.

Effect of standard heat treatment on microstructure and properties of borided Inconel 718

Boronizing was applied to Inconel 718. In order to obtain the optimal combination of strength and ductility, the borided Inconel 718 was subjected to standard heat treatment. This consists of solution treatment and then a two-step aging treatment. The borided layer is composed of the compound layer and the boron diffusion zone. Because of the superior hardness of borides, the borided Inconel 718 exhibits a significant reduction in its wear rate and relatively low coefficient of friction （COF） compared with the unborided Inconel 718. The standard heat treatment efficiently promotes the diffusion of boron into the interior of the material and the generation of new borides （Fe2B, CrB）. The borided layer with standard heat treatment shows much better wear resistance due to the thicker borided layer （313.76 μm）.

欧标ESCS与国标土壤分类差异性研究

勘察设计人员在从事境外铁路勘察设计时,往往会遇到规范和标准差异化问题,为更好地运用欧洲标准从事勘察工作,了解欧洲标准与国内标准的异同,从土壤分类角度,采用对比分析方法,对欧洲标准、国标、铁标中土壤分类的依据、标准、方法、适用性以及差异进行对比分析。研究表明,欧标、国标与铁标在土壤分类上存在部分差异:对于粗粒土,除粒组粒径存在部分差异外,欧标粉土分类更细致;对于细粒土,塑性A线斜率一致,但欧标根据液限范围对黏性土进行更详细地划分;在细粒土含量在5%~15%时,欧标更加详细;铁标中土的划分未能很好反映土的工程特性,而欧标通过土类代号将次要成分和次次要成分进行标识说明,并引入百分比含量和级配特征,能更好地反映土的工程特性。在实验仪器与试验方法比较方面,国标液塑限试验方法种类更多,也更高效快捷。

中国标准动车组标准体系研究

本文对复兴号标准体系进行初步分析及梳理,介绍现有标准及其执行状况,对复兴号标准体系的补充和完善提出建议,并对其发展进行展望。

The study of metal cycles in China

A model of Fe-flow in the life cycle of steel product was put forward and analyzed. Three important resource and environmental indicators for Fe-flow analysis,that is,steel scrap index,iron ore index and iron loss index were derived from this model. Illustrative examples,demonstrating the influence of the variation of steel output on steel scrap index and iron ore index were given. Case studies for estimating the values of steel scrap index of Japan,China and USA in the period of 1988-1997 were carried out. It was clarified that the main reason of severe deficiency in steel scraps for China's steel industry was its continued rapid growth. The study of iron,copper,zinc and lead cycle in China was carried out successfully according to this model.

Fate of Urea Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on a Sloping Udic Ferrosol in Subtropical China

A field experiment was conducted to study the outcome of N using isotope-labeled urea with a peanut cropping system in a Udic Ferrosol on a 7% slope at the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The micro-plots were designed in two sets with three replicates and four N treatments. An iron frame with its edge 10 cm above the ground was used to control soil erosion and runoff in set A, but in set B the upper edge of the frame was level with the ground. Randomly positioned 15…

Development of a Calibration and Monitoring System for GD-1 High Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engine

Based on CAN calibration protocol, a new calibration and monitoring system was developed for the GD-1 high pressure common rail diesel engine. CAN driver block, monitoring program and calibration program for this system were designed respectively. The inquiry mode was used in the monitoring program and the interrupt mode was used in calibration program. The calibration program was designed in structural programming model. This system provides a reliable, accurate and quick CAN bus between ECU and PC, with baud rate up to 500Kbit/s. The implementation of the compatible and universal CAN calibration protocol makes it easy to displace the system and its function modules. It also provides friendly, compatible and flexible calibration interface, and the functions of online calibration and real-time monitoring. This system was successfully used in a GD-1 high pressure common rail diesel engine and the engine performance and exhaust emissions were significantly improved.

Iron homeostasis and H63D mutations in alcoholics with and without liver disease

MM： To evaluate the prevalence of HFE gene mutation and indices of disturbed iron homeostasis in alcoholics with and without liver disease. METHODS： One hundred and fifty-three heavy drinkers （defined as alcohol consumption 〉 80 g/d for at least 5 years） were included in the study. These comprised 78 patients with liver disease [liver disease alcoholics （LDA）] in whom the presence of liver disease was confirmed by liver biopsy or clinical evidence of hepatic decompensation, and 75 subjects with no evidence of liver disease, determined by normal liver tests on two occasions [non-liver disease alcoholics （NLDA）], were consecutively enrolled. Serum markers of iron status and HFE C282Y and H63D mutations were determined. HFE genotyping was compared with data obtained in healthy blood donors from the same geographical area. RESULTS： Gender ratio was similar in both study groups. LDA patients were older than NLDA patients （52 ± 10 years vs 48 ± 11 years, P = 0.03）. One third and one fifth of the study population had serum transferrin saturation （TS） greater than 45% and 60% respectively. Serum iron levels were similar in both groups. However, LDA patients had higher TS （51 ± 27 vs 36 ± 13, P 〈 0.001） and ferritin levels （559 ± 607 ng/mL vs 159 ± 122 ng/mL, P 〈 0.001）, and lower total iron binding capacity （TIBC） （241 ± 88 μg/dL vs 279 ± 40 μg/dL, P = 0.001）. The odds ratio for having liver disease with TS greater than 45% was 2.20 （95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.37-3.54）. There was no difference in C282Y allelic frequency between the two groups. However, H63D was more frequent in LDA patients （0.25 vs 0.16, P = 0.03）. LDA patients had a greater probability of carrying at least one HFE mutation than NLDA patients （49.5% vs 31.6%, P = 0.02）. The odds ratio for LDA in patients with H63D mutation was 1.57 （95% CI： 1.02-2.40）. CONCLUSION： The present study confirms the presence of iron overload in alcoholics, which was more severe in the subset of subjects with liver disease, in parallel with an increased frequency of H63D HFE mutation.

Simultaneous Determination of Iron and Manganese in Water Using Artificial Neural Network Catalytic Spectrophotometric Method

A new analytical method using Back-Propagation (BP) artificial neural network and kinetic spectrophotometry for simultaneous determination of iron and magnesium in tap water, the Yellow River water and seawater is established. By conditional experiments, the optimum analytical conditions and parameters are obtained. Levenberg-Marquart (L-M) algorithm is used for calculation in BP neural network. The topological structure of three-layer BP ANN network architecture is chosen as 15-16-2 (nodes). The initial value of gradient coefficient μ is fixed at 0.001 and the increase factor and reduction factor of μ take the default values of the system. The data are processed by computers with our own programs written in MATLAB 7.0. The relative standard deviation of the calculated results for iron and manganese is 2.30% and 2.67% respectively. The results of standard addition method show that for the tap water, the recoveries of iron and manganese are in the ranges of 98.0%-104.3% and 96.5%-104.5%, and the RSD is in the range of 0.23%-0.98%; for the Yellow River water (Lijin district of Shandong Province), the recoveries of iron and manganese are in the ranges of 96.0%-101.0% and 98.7%-104.2%, and the RSD is in the range of 0.13%-2.52%; for the seawater in Qingdao offshore, the recoveries of iron and manganese are in the ranges of 95.3%-104.8% and 95.3%-104.7%, and the RSD is in the range of 0.14%-2.66%. It is found that 21 common cations and anions do not interfere with the determination of iron and manganese under the optimum experimental conditions. This method exhibits good reproducibility and high accuracy in the determination of iron and manganese and can be used for the simultaneous determination of iron and manganese in tap water and natural water. By using the established ANN- catalytic spectrophotometric method, the iron and manganese concentrations of the surface seawater at 11 sites in Qingdao offshore are determined and the level distribution maps of iron and manganese are drawn.

A linear crack length measurement method for railway bridges based on calibration points fitting

For the linear crack skeleton of railway bridges with irregular strike,it is difficult to accurately express the crack contour feature by using a single smoothing fitting algorithm.In order to improve the measurement accuracy,a polynomial curve fitting was proposed,which used the calibration point of crack contour as the boundary point,and then put them all together to produce a continuous contour curve to achieve the crack length measurement.The method was tested by measuring the linar cracks with different shapes.It is shown that this proposed algorithm can not only solve the jagged problem generated in the crack skeleton extraction process,but also improve the crack length measurement accuracy.The relative deviation is less than 0.15,and the measurement accuracy is over 98.05%,which provides a more effective means for the crack length measurement in railway bridges.

Risk reduction in Sechahun iron ore deposit by geological boundary modification using multiple indicator Kriging

Uncertainty on the geological contacts and the block volumes of the models along boundaries is often a major part of the global uncertainty of reserve estimation.This work introduces a geostatistical technique that has been developed and tested in an iron ore deposit at Bafq mining district,in central Iran,and that,based on a probability criterion,helps to objectively model the geometry of this iron ore deposit.The main problem in reserve estimation of this ore body is its geometrical modeling and uncertainty in geological boundaries.This work deals with the geostatistical method of multiple indicator kriging,which is used to determine the real boundaries of ore body in different categories.This approach has potential to improve project performance and decrease operational risk.For this purpose,the ore body is separated into two categories including rich iron zone(w(Fe)>45%)and poor iron zone(20%<w(Fe)<45%).It significantly benefits to decrease the risk of reserve evaluation in the deposit.This case study also highlights the value of multiple indicator kriging as a tool for estimates the position of grade boundaries within the deposit.Comparison of the resultant probability maps with the real ore/waste contacts on the extracted levels shows that the first indicator model could separate the whole ore body(poor plus rich)from the waste zone by probability of more than 0.35,which concludes the total reserve of 53 million tons.The second indicator model applied to separate the rich and poor domains and the results show that the blocks with the estimated probability of equal to or more than 0.4 lay within the rich ore zone consisting of 15.8 million tons reserve.

Standardization of English Navigation Terminology in Railway Traffic Domain

The technical progress and the globalization accelerate rapidly the development of new disciplines and sub-disciplines. Consequently, new and specific terminology is necessary. In addition, the interdisciplinarity contributes as well to the development of communication problems between non-professionals and experts of a special domain or between experts of different domains--as well at international level. Usually, technical terms are defined differently according to their domains. Therefore, a new terminological approach will avoid semantic vagueness as synonymy, antonymy, risk of confusion, hypernymy-hyponymy relations and polysemy, homonymy, etc.. For example, the terms ＂localization＂ and ＂positioning＂ are prototypes for this semantic vagueness. The objective of the iglos （＂intelligent glossary＂） terminology work of the Institute of Traffic Safety and Automation Engineering of the Technische Universigit Braunschweig is to clarify the multilingual and multidisciplinary misunderstanding between special languages of different domains by standardizing the definitions of technical terms. The focus of this paper lies on semantic problems of English navigation terminology in railway traffic domain and the clarification of the semantic vagueness between its terms with a modeling process and a linguistic method with different criteria. Finally, the result of these approaches should be a consistent navigation terminology in the railway domain.

Optimization of maintenance strategy for high-speed railwaycatenary system based on multistate model

A multi-objective optimization model considering both reliability and maintenance cost is proposed to solve the contradiction between reliability and maintenance cost in high-speed railway catenary system maintenance activities.The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm 2(NSGA2)is applied to multi-objective optimization,and the optimization result is a set of Pareto solutions.Firstly,multistate failure mode analysis is conducted for the main devices leading to the failure of catenary,and then the reliability and failure mode of the whole catenary system is analyzed.The mathematical relationship between system reliability and maintenance cost is derived considering the existing catenary preventive maintenance mode to improve the reliability of the system.Secondly,an improved NSGA2(INSGA2)is proposed,which strengths population diversity by improving selection operator,and introduces local search strategy to ensure that population distribution is more uniform.The comparison results of the two algorithms before and after improvement on the zero-ductility transition(ZDT)series functions show that the population diversity is better and the solution is more uniform using INSGA2.Finally,the INSGA2 is applied to multi-objective optimization of system reliability and maintenance cost in different maintenance periods.The decision-makers can choose the reasonable solutions as the maintenance plans in the optimization results by weighing the relationship between the system reliability and the maintenance cost.The selected maintenance plans can ensure the lowest maintenance cost while the system reliability is as high as possible.

Optimum blending of iron ore from Choghart stockpiles by using goal programming

Iron and steel industry is an important sector of Iran's economy.Choghart iron ore mine is an important iron ore producer of Iran steel industry.Phosphorous contained in the iron ore concentrates of Choghart mine has a detrimental effect on the steel making process,whereby this causes cracks to form in the refractory lining of blast furnaces.In the past,about 1.43 Mt of low-grade and 4.53 Mt of high-phosphorous materials had been transported to low grade and high phosphorous stockpiles,respectively,for future beneficiation.As a result of the progressive depletion of high-grade ore and establishment of beneficiation plant in Choghart,exploitation of these two stockpiles in this mine became an important issue.In this work,a linear goal programming(GP) model was developed in order to determine the optimum iron ore blend in terms of quality from low grade and high phosphorous stockpiles of Choghart mine.The model was solved by the SOLVER V.9 program.Results show that feeding with acceptable quality(w(Fe)≥50% and w(P)≤1.2%,mass fraction) materials can be blended from stockpiles that satisfy the needs of the Choghart processing line.

Suggestion of Criteria and Certification Process to Secure the Safety of Railway Software

One of the significant differences between the digital system and the analog system is software. The software takes charge of the functions and the management of the digital system. Nowadays railway equipment has begun to be designed and implemented based on digital technology with online and real time performance to achieve high speed and high density operation. The software is designed, coded and implemented into the system, and controls hardware components in order to satisfy the functional requirements of the system. As the functions that are implemented by software are increased, it becomes very difficult to predict the soil-ware failures because of its complexity. Therefore, it has become one of the key issues how to assure that the sottware is reliable, safe and secure. In this paper, the safety criteria are suggested to secure the software safety for the field of railway system. Characteristic of railway software and review safety related standards are analyzed. The authors also suggest development methodology and certification procedure for the developer and assessor to easily make safety critical railway software with following the safety criteria.

Best compromising crashworthiness design of automotive S-rail using TOPSIS and modified NSGAⅡ

In order to reduce both the weight of vehicles and the damage of occupants in a crash event simultaneously, it is necessary to perform a multi-objective optimal design of the automotive energy absorbing components. Modified non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA II) was used for multi-objective optimization of automotive S-rail considering absorbed energy(E), peak crushing force(Fmax) and mass of the structure(W) as three conflicting objective functions. In the multi-objective optimization problem(MOP), E and Fmax are defined by polynomial models extracted using the software GEvo M based on train and test data obtained from numerical simulation of quasi-static crushing of the S-rail using ABAQUS. Finally, the nearest to ideal point(NIP)method and technique for ordering preferences by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) method are used to find the some trade-off optimum design points from all non-dominated optimum design points represented by the Pareto fronts. Results represent that the optimum design point obtained from TOPSIS method exhibits better trade-off in comparison with that of optimum design point obtained from NIP method.

Analysis of external noise spectrum of high-speed railway

A schematic to make the spectra of the exterior noise of high speed railway was put forward. The exterior noise spectrum was defined based on the characteristics of the high-speed train exterior noise. Its characteristics considered here include identifying the exterior main sources and their locations, their frequency components including the Doppler effect due to the noise sources moving at high speed, the sound field intensity around the train in high-speed operation, the sound radiation path out of the train, and the pressure level and frequency components of the noise at the measuring points specified by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO). The characteristics of the high-speed train exterior noise of the high speed railways in operation were introduced. The advanced measuring systems and their principles for clearly indentifying the exterior noise sources were discussed in detail. Based on the concerned noise results measured at sites, a prediction model was developed to calculate the sound level and the characteristics of the exterior noise at any point where it is difficult to measure and to help to make the exterior noise spectrums. This model was also verified with the test results. The verification shows that there is a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results.