天然铁(氢)氧化矿物对铜离子的吸附特征

研究了天然铁的 (氢 )氧化矿物对铜离子的吸附行为 ,结果显示不同种类的铁 (氢 )氧化矿物的吸附能力明显不同。针铁矿的吸附能力最强 ,赤铁矿吸附能力变化最大。对于同种矿物 ,矿物中杂质的种类和含量是影响吸附能力的主要因素 ,矿物的晶体习性有一定的影响。粒度较大 (>1 40目 )的情况下 ,天然矿物的粒度对矿物吸附能力的影响没有规律性。pH值对铁氧化物矿物的吸附性能影响最大。随着初始浓度的增加 ,铁的(氢 )氧化矿物的吸附量增加 ,但吸附率变化复杂且没有明显规律性。铁的 (氢 )氧化矿物的吸附行为较为符合Freundlich型和Temkin型等温吸附式。

微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的电化学研究

微生物可以还原铁氧化物矿物。本文通过使用电化学方法对铁氧化物矿物在微生物还原作用下的氧化还原特性进行模拟与表征,补充了从新角度对微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的研究。研究结果显示,微生物可直接以铁氧化物矿物作为电子受体将其还原得到二价铁生成物。电化学实验显示,0.2 mA阴极恒电流条件下铁氧化物矿物可以接受电子,同时铁氧化物矿物中的Fe3+在0.89±0.01 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极)时发生还原反应,表明铁氧化物矿物满足被微生物还原的电化学条件。双室微生物-铁氧化物矿物体系研究证实,铁氧化物矿物可以作为阴极接受微生物提供的电子。

中国北方粉尘气溶胶中铁氧化物矿物的光谱分析

利用漫反射光谱技术 (DRS)对中国北方粉尘气溶胶中铁氧化物矿物进行了较系统的研究 .结果表明 ,在可见光范围 ,粉尘气溶胶反射光谱的一阶导数曲线在 4 35和 5 6 0nm的峰对样品中的针铁矿和赤铁矿有识别指示意义 ,且样品中铁含量与赤铁矿和针铁矿的一阶导数特征峰值大小紧密相关 .同时发现不同颜色的反射率与样品中铁的含量及铁氧化物一阶导数值有较强的相关性 ,其中铁氧化物的含量变化对红光和紫光的反射率影响较为显著 ,表明铁氧化物在粉尘气溶胶的光学性质中扮演着重要的角色 .亚洲粉尘与北大西洋粉尘的光谱分析结果可以进行对比 .研究发现 ,不同区域粉尘气溶胶中赤铁矿与针铁矿一阶导数特征值的比值Hm/Gt存在明显差异 ,暗示着Hm/Gt值有源区指示的意义 .

铁氧化物-微生物界面电子传递的分子机制研究进展

在地表环境中,铁氧化物矿物可以作为微生物胞外呼吸的终端电子受体/供体、电子储存介质或种间电子传递介质促进环境微生物的新陈代谢。本文介绍了矿物-微生物直接界面电子转移方式中,铁氧化物矿物与组成微生物跨膜电子传输链的细胞色素蛋白之间的氧化-还原反应机制及其影响因素,从分子水平刻画了微生物利用矿物进行胞外呼吸的过程,有助于深入理解微生物驱动的矿物转化和元素地球化学循环。

类质同象置换对磁铁矿异相UV-Fenton催化降解TBBPA性能的影响

作为一类重要的铁氧化矿物,磁铁矿具有催化活性强、分布广泛、环境相容性好等优点,被认为是一种有广阔应用前景的矿物催化剂,并对地球系统的环境自净化过程有着重要的影响。天然磁铁矿的结构中广泛存在着类质同象置换,钛、

过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中富集的控制因素

在不同生成环境下生成的铁锰结核(壳)吸收不同的过渡金属元素。在成岩作用形成的铁锰结核中,Cu、Ni主要以锰相形式存在,而Co则以铁相的形式存在;在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中Cu、Co、Ni均以锰相的形式存在。这些过渡金属元素在成岩作用形成的结核中的存在与铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化学特征密切相关,而在水成作用形成的铁锰结核(壳)中的富集与锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物的晶体化学特征关系不大。同时铁锰结核(壳)中锰矿物和铁的氧化物、氢氧化物又严格地受结核(壳)的生成环境的制约,因此,过渡金属元素Cu、Co、Ni在铁锰结核(壳)中的富集在一定程度上受结核(壳)生成环境的控制。

Electrochemical oxidation behavior of pyrite bioleaching by Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidans

The electrochemical oxidation behavior of pyrite in bioleaching system of Acidthiobacillusferrooxidans was investigated by cyclic voltammetry （CV）, polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）. The results show that in the presence or absence of A. ferrooxidans, the oxidation reaction of pyrite is divided into two steps： the first reaction step involves the oxidation of pyrite to S, and the second reaction step is the oxidation of S to SO4^2-. The oxidation mechanism of pyrite is not changed in the presence of A. ferrooxidans, but the oxidation rate of pyrite is accelerated. With the extension of reaction time of A. ferrooxidan with pyrite, the polarization current density of pyrite increases and the breakdown potential at which the passive film dissolves decreases. The impedance in the presence ofA. ferrooxidans is obviously lower than that in the absence of A. ferrooxidans, further indicating that microorganism accelerates the corrosion process of pyrite.

Decomposition mechanism of pentlandite during electrochemical bio-oxidation process

Electrochemical measurements were carried out to elucidate decomposition mechanism of pentlandite using modified powder microelectrode with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans attached or without on the mineral powder surface.Cyclic voltammetry（CV） results show that at a low potential of about-0.2 V（vs SCE）,the pentlandite was transformed to an intermediated phase like Fe4.5-yNi4.5-xS8-z when Fe and Ni ions were evacuated from mineral lattice;when the potential was changed from-0.2 V to 0.2 V,the unstable violarite（Fe3Ni3S4） and FeNi2S4 were formed which was accompanied by element sulfur formed on the mineral surface;when the potential increased over 0.2 V,the unstable intermediated phase decomposed entirely;at a higher potential of 0.7 V,the evacuated ferrous ion was oxidized to ferric ion.The presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans made the oxidation peak current increase with initial peak potential negatively moving,and the bacteria also contributed to the sulfur removing from mineral surface,which was demonstrated by the reduction characteristic at potential ranging from-0.75 to-0.5 V.Leaching experiments and electrochemical results show that the solution acidity increasing when pH2 may impede the oxidation process slightly.

Effect of pH values on extracellular protein and polysaccharide secretions of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans during chalcopyrite bioleaching

The effect of pH values on the extracellular protein and polysaccharide secretions of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was comparatively investigated in different phases of bacterial growth during chalcopyrite bioleaching. The results indicate that the extracellular protein is always more than the extracellular polysaccharide secreted by attached cells on the chalcopyrite, on the contrary, and is always less than the extracellular polysaccharide secreted by free cells in the solution at bacterial adaptive phase, logarithmic phase and stationary phase whenever pH value is at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5; free cells are mainly through the secretion of extracellular polysaccharide rather than the extracellular protein to fight against disadvantageous solution environment, such as high concentration of metal ions and unsuitable pH solution; both amounts of polysaccharide and protein secreted by attached cells are mainly positively related to the solution acidity rather than the total concentration of soluble metal ions. The experimental results imply that bacteria are mainly through secreting more extracellular polysaccharide to fight against disadvantageous environment and the extracellular protein perhaps plays an important role in oxidation？reduction reactions in the bioleaching system.

Combined Chemical and Mineralogical Evidence for Heavy Metal Binding in Mining- and Smelting-Affected Alluvial Soils

The binding of metallic contaminants （Pb, Cd, and Zn） and As on soil constituents was studied on four highly contaxninated alluvial soil profiles from the mining/smelting district of Pribram （Czech Republic） using a combination of mineralogical and chemical methods. Sequential extraction analysis （SEA） was supplemented by mineralogical investigation of both bulk samples and heavy mineral fractions using X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer （SEM/EDS）. The mineralogy of Fe and Mn oxides was studied by voltammetry of microparticles （VMP） and diffuse reflectance spectrometry （DRS）. Zinc and Pb were predominantly bound in the reducible fraction attributed to Fe oxides and Mn oxides （mainly birnessite, Na4Mn14O27.9H2O）, which were detected in soils by XRD and SEM/EDS. In contrast, Cd was the most mobile contaminant and was predominantly present in the exchangeable fraction. Arsenic was bound to the residual and reducible fractions （corresponding to Fe oxides or to unidentified Fe-Pb arsenates）. SEM/EDS observations indicate the predominant affinity of Pb for Mn oxides, and to a lesser extent, for Fe oxides. Thus, a more suitable SEA procedure should be used for these mining-affected soils to distinguish between the contaminant fraction bound to Mn oxides and Fe oxides.

江汉平原第四系沉积物中砷的垂向分布规律及其对地下水中砷浓度的影响

含水层沉积物是江汉平原地下水中砷的主要来源,沉积物地球化学特征对地下水的水化学具有重要控制作用。为查明江汉平原第四系沉积物中砷的垂向分布及赋存环境,在典型高砷地下水分布区内选取2个深钻(JH002孔及YLW01孔,深度分别为230m和201m)采集沉积物样品进行了地球化学分析。结果表明全新统和上更新统含水层沉积物以黏土、粉土、淤泥质黏土、粉砂、细砂为主,指示着弱水动力的沉积环境;2个钻孔沉积物地球化学特征相似,w(As)=2.0~22.6mg/kg(平均9.0mg/kg),w(Fe)=11.8~55.0mg/g(平均37.8mg/g),w(S)=0.1~2.1mg/g(平均0.4mg/g)。中、下更新统沉积物岩相变化较大,以砂和砾石居多,局部含有黏土夹层,指示着沉积时较强的水动力沉积环境;其中JH002孔沉积物w(As)=2.7~160.5mg/kg(平均40.9mg/kg),w(Fe)=20.1~179.5mg/g(平均50.5mg/g),w(S)=0.1~17.7mg/g(平均4.9mg/g);YLW01孔沉积物砷、铁、硫质量分数均低于JH002孔,w(As)=5.2~56.1mg/kg(平均16.2mg/kg),w(Fe)=10.9~117.5 mg/g(平均36.4 mg/g),w(S)=0.3~7.8mg/g(平均1.8mg/g)。YLW01孔中、下更新统沉积物颗粒较JH002孔更细,所处的水动力条件更弱,砷、铁、硫质量分数均低于JH002孔,说明沉积历史环境影响着砷、铁、硫等元素的分布。沉积物地球化学数据聚类分析结果表明全新统和上更新统砷与铁具有显著的相关性,而中、下更新统沉积物砷与硫化物矿物紧密相关。结合不同深度含水层水化学特征差异指示上更新统含水层中含砷铁氧化物的还原性溶解导致浅层地下水中砷的富集,富硫的中、下更新统深层含水层中强还原环境下砷受到硫化物矿物的固定作用难以释放进入地下水中。

Process control technology of low NO_x sintering based on coke pretreatment

Process control is an effective approach to reduce the NOx emission from sintering flue gas.The effects of different materials adhered on coke breeze on NOx emission characteristics and sintering performance were studied.Results showed that the coke breeze adhered with the mixture of CaO and Fe2O3 or calcium ferrite significantly lowers the NOx emission concentration and conversion ratio of fuel-N to NOx.Pretreating the coke with the mixture of lime slurry and iron ore fines helped to improve the granulation effect,and optimize the carbon distribution in granules.When the mass ratio of coke breeze,quick lime,water and iron ore fines was 2:1:1:1,the average NOx emission concentration was decreased from 220 mg/m3 to 166 mg/m3,and the conversion ratio of fuel-N was reduced from 54.2%to 40.9%.

Origin of Red Color of the Lower Siwalik Palaeosols:A Micromorphological Approach

Palaeosols associated with fluvial of the Siwalik Group are and lacustrine deposits that occur as thick multiple pedocomplexes. The bright red color of the palaeosol beds has been earlier interpreted as a result of hot and arid palaeoclimate. However, as against this view, our investigations of the bright red palaeosol beds of the Lower Siwaliks suggest that the climate was cool and subhumid, instead of hot and arid during the deposition of these beds. Since cold climate is not very conducive to impart red coloration, further research is needed to explain the cause of these red beds. For this, the micromorphological study of soil thin sections was done which showed the presence of features such as dissolution and recrystallisation of quartz, feldspar and mica, compaction, slickensides, presence of calcite spars, subrounded and cracked nature of quartz grains, microfabric, complex patterns of birefringence fabrics, pigmentary ferric oxides, thick cutans and cementation by calcite. These features indicate that diagenesis took place on a large scale in these sediments. The positive Eh and neutral-alkaline pH of soils also suggest that the conditions were favorable for the formation of diagenetic red beds. During burial diagenesis of sediments, the hydroxides of ferromagnesian minerals got converted into ferric oxide minerals （hematite）. During deep burial diagenesis smectite was converted into illite and the preponderance of illite over smectite with increasing depth of burial also indicates the diagenesis of sediments. Thus, the red color of the Lower Siwalik palaeosols seems to be due mainly to the burial diagenesis of sediments and does not appear to be due to the then prevailing climatic condition.

Influencing factors of pyrite leaching in germ-free system

The effect of mineral particle size, pulp potential and category of oxidant on pyrite leaching was studied. The results show that a smaller mineral particle size leads to a higher leaching rate of pyrite, and the optimum result with pyrite leaching rate of 2.92% is obtained when mineral particle size is less than 0.037 mm. The pulp potential reflects the leaching process. The increase of pulp potential can improve pyrite leaching. The leaching rate and velocity of pyrite can be enhanced rapidly by adding strong oxidant. The kind and the method of adding oxidant have important effect on the pyrite leaching. Appropriate concentration of Fe3+ can enhance pyrite leaching but the precipitation generated by high concentration of ferric ion covers the surface of pyrites and prevents the leaching process. The leaching rate increases with the constant addition of H2O2.

Changes of Clay Mineral Association After High-Gradient Magnetic Separation

The changes of clay mineral association after high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) treatment, and the effects of chemical and physical technologies on concentrating Fe oxides for main soils in central and southern China were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis methods. Results indicated that the concentrating times of Fe oxides by HGMS treatment were the largest for 0.2-2 μmsize fractions in the examined soils. For the soils in which 2: 1 phyllosilicates were dominant, concentrating times of iron oxides by HGMS treatment were larger than by 5 mol L-1 NaOH treatment. Phyllosili-cates were decreased after HGMS treatment; however, the decrease was less than that of kaorolinite. The goet bite / (goethite + hematie) values in Fe oxides of the soils kept virtually constant after HGMSt reatment.

Bio-decomposition of rock phosphate containing pyrites by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Leaching soluble phosphorus from rock phosphate containing pyrites by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.f.) is feasible, and the reaction mechanism is as follows. Pyrites are oxidized by A.f. to produce H_2SO_4 and FeSO_4; the rock phosphate is decomposed by H_2SO_4, forming soluble phosphorus compounds; and Fe2+ from FeSO_4 is oxidized to Fe^3+, providing energy for the growth of A. f.. In this process, as H_2SO_4 is produced in the reaction, an acidic condition in the culture medium is formed, which benefits the growth of A. f. and aids both continuous oxidation of pyrites and leaching of soluble phosphorus from rock phosphate. The fraction of phosphorous leached can reach the largest in the presence of 1.0 g/L Fe^3+, 200 mg/L Mg^2+ and 400 mg/L NH_4^+. The optimal technological parameters on the fraction of phosphorous leached are as follows: the volume fraction of inocula of A. f., the mass ratio of pyrites to rock phosphate and the pH value are in ranges of 5%-25%, 3:1-5:1 and 1.8-2.2, respectively.

Iron Monosulfide Distribution in Three Coastal Floodplain Acid Sulfate Soils, Eastern Australia

The distribution of iron monosulfide (quantified as acid volatile sulfur: SAV) was compared with geo- chemical properties that are known to affect its formation and accumulation in three coastal Holocene acid sulfate soils (ASS) at Tuckean Swamp, McLeods Creek and Bungawalbyn Swamp respectively. These properties included PH, reactive iron (FeR), pore-water sulfate (SO:42-) and organic carbon (OC). Iron monosulfide was concentrated at the oxic/anoxic boundary. The Tuckean Swamp and McLeods Creek sites are Holocene sediments, whereas the Bungawalbyn Swamp is a Holocene peat. The concentration of SAV averaged 0.2 g kg-l in a 0.5 m thick soil layer at the Tuckean Swamp, but was an order of magnitude lower in the oxic/anoxic transition layers at McLeods Creek and Bungawalbyn Swamp. The SAV mineral greigite (Fe3S4) was identified in the Tuckean Swamp by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Very small concentrations of greigite were also observed in the McLeods Creek, based on crystal morphology and elemental composition. The concentration of SAV was a small fraction of the total reduced sulfur, representing at most 3% of the Pyrite sulfur. However, the presence of this highly reactive sulfide mineral, distributed within pores where oxygen diffusion is most rapid, has important implications to the potential rate of acid production from these sediments.

Prediction of rotary drilling penetration rate in iron ore oxides using rock engineering system

Prediction of the drilling penetration rate is one of the important parameters in mining operations. This parameter has a direct impact on the mine planning and cost of mining operations, Generally, effective parameters on the penetration rate is divided into two classes： rock mass properties and specifications of the machine, The chemical components of intact rock have a direct effect in determining rock mechan- ical properties, Theses parameters usually have not been investigated in any research on the rock drill- ability, In this study, physical and mechanical properties of iron ore were studied based on the amount of magnetite percent, According to the results of the tests, the effective parameters on the pen- etration rate of the rotary drilling machines were divided into three classes： specifications of the machi- nes, rock mass properties and chemical component of intact rock, Then, the rock drillahility was studied using rock engineering systems, The results showed that feed, rotation, rock mass index and iron oxide percent have important effect on penetration rate, Then a quadratic equation with 0,896 determination coefficient has been obtained, Also, the results showed that chemical components can he described as new parameters in rotary drill penetration rate,

Iron-Oxide Cu-Au Mineralizing Systems： Eastern Yakutia Perspective

The GIS （geographic information system） used for predicting the associated with upper-intrusive zone of hydrothermal alteration IOCG （iron-oxide copper gold） mineralizing systems is shown by example of the northeast of Russian. IOCG ore deposits can have enormous geological resources with significant reserves of base, precious and strategic metals, are economically attractive targets for mineral exploration worldwide, but are still unknown in the northeast Russian. It was localized in Tarinskiy ore node （eastern Yakutia） field of brecciated altered rocks with sulfide and iron-oxide cement is a first in eastern Yakutia nature anomaly of IOCG-type with iron-oxide Cu-Au ± U specialization, that was formed close to the surface of Rep-Yuruinskiy pluton. It should be of interest as a new precious metals world class deposit type in northeast of Russia.

The Influence of Magnetite Nanoparticles on Human Leukocyte Activity

In this contribution the influence of chemically synthesized magnetite particles coated by sodium oleate and PEG （MPEG）, and magnetosomes （MS） was gradually tested on the process of phagocytosis and the metabolic activity （lysozyme and peroxidase activity） in leukocyte. Lysozyme activity is oxygen-independent liquidation mechanisms of engulfed microorganism, peroxidase activity is oxygen-dependent one. The both tested samples MS and MPEG lysed leukocyte cells during incubation. MPEG with concentration 10 and 20 μg/mL lysed almost all leukocytes and their cell viability was in the 14 ± 0.05% range. On the other hand, MS begin to influence leukocytes activity at the concentration of 1 μg/mL and this influence grows with increasing concentration up to 20 μg/mL. MS are more suitable for biological applications than MPEG which are more aggressive material than MS and their using is unavailable for these types of the test mainly for the concentration 10 - 20 μg/mL.