不同药物治疗对类风湿关节炎患者血清铜、硒及锌水平的影响

目的探讨类风湿关节炎患者行不同药物治疗对血清中铜、硒及锌水平的影响。方法比较类风湿关节炎患者与正常人及类风湿关节炎治疗前后血清铜、硒及锌含量。结果类风湿关节炎患者血清铜含量明显高于健康对照组,血清硒和血清锌含量明显低于健康对照组;糖皮质激素组、非甾体类消炎药组治疗前后血清铜、硒及锌含量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);甲氨蝶呤组治疗前后血清铜、硒含量比较差异无统计学意义,血清锌含量明显明显高于治疗前。结论血清铜、硒、锌水平变化可能参与类风湿关节炎疾病的发生与进展,甲氨蝶呤能明显提高患者锌含量,改善免疫状态,建议在无药物禁忌证的情况下,首选甲氨蝶呤进行治疗。

Underlying mechanism of the efficiency loss in CZTSSe solar cells:Disorder and deep defects

Although Cu2ZnSn(Sx,Se1-x)4(CZTSSe)is a promising candidate for thin-film photovoltaics,its cell performance is currently limited by the large voltage loss.Although a series of studies on the efficiency loss mechanism of CZTSSe solar cell have been carried out in the past few years,no convincing understanding has been obtained until now.In this review,the current findings regarding the underlying mechanism of the efficiency loss in CZTSSe solar cells are systematically summarized and analyzed.The properties of atomic disorder and deep defects in CZTSSe materials and their effects on device performance are discussed.The synergistic effect is proposed to help understand the defect-related charge loss in the absorber.Furthermore,the experimental methods of defect identification and defect control are presented,in an attempt to identify the killer defects that can be responsible for the ultra-short minority lifetime of CZTSSe material.By comprehensively and dialectically understanding these defect properties of the CZTSSe solar cell,we believe breakthrough in the cell efficiency will come soon with our concentrated effort.

Coordination engineering of Cu-Zn-Sn-S aqueous precursor for efficient kesterite solar cells

Aqueous precursors provide an alluring approach for low-cost and environmentally friendly production of earth-abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe)solar cells.The key is to find an appropriate molecular agent to prepare a stable solution and optimize the coordination structure to facilitate the subsequent crystallization process.Herein,we introduce thioglycolic acid(TGA),which possesses strong coordination(SH)and hydrophilic(COOH)groups,as the agent and use deprotonation to regulate the coordination competition within the aqueous solution.Ultimately,metal cations are adequately coordinated with thiolate anions,and carboxylate anions are released to become hydrated to form an ultrastable aqueous solution.These factors have contributed to achieving CZTSSe solar cells with an efficiency as high as 12.3%(a certified efficiency of 12.0%)and providing an extremely wide time window for precursor storage and usage.This work represents significant progress in the non-toxic solution fabrication of CZTSSe solar cells and holds great potential for the development of CZTSSe and other metal sulfide solar cells.

Promising Cd-free double buffer layer in CZTSSe thin film solar cells

Zn(O,S)film is widely used as a Cd-free buffer layer for kesterite thin film solar cells due to its low-cost and eco-friendly characteristics.However,the low carrier concentration and conductivity of Zn(O,S)will deteriorate the device performance.In this work,an additional buffer layer of In2S3 is introduced to modify the properties of the Zn(O,S)layer as well as the CZTSSe layer via a post-annealing treatment.The carrier concentrations of both the Zn(O,S)and CZTSSe layers are increased,which facilitates the carrier separation and increases the open circuit voltage(VOC).It is also found that ammonia etching treatment can remove the contamination and reduce the interface defects,and there is an increase of the surface roughness of the In2S3 layer,which works as an antireflection layer.Consequently,the efficiency of the CZTSSe solar cells is improved by 24%after the annealing and etching treatments.Simulation and experimental results show that a large band offset of the In2S3 layer and defect energy levels in the Zn(O,S)layer are the main properties limiting the fill factor and efficiency of these CZTSSe devices.This study affords a new perspective for the carrier concentration enhancement of the absorber and buffer layers by In-doping,and it also indicates that In2S3/Zn(O,S)is a promising Cd-free hybrid buffer layer for high-efficiency kesterite solar cells.

Highly efficient Cu_(2)ZnSn(S,Se)_(4) bifacial solar cell via a composition gradient strategy through the molecular ink

The use of transparent conducting oxide(TCO)as a substrate in Cu_(2)ZnSn(S,Se)_(4)(CZTSSe)thin-film solar cells allows for advanced applications,such as bifacial,semitransparent,and tandem solar cells with the capability to increase power density generation.However,the efficiency of this kind of solar cell is still below 6% based on the low-cost solution process.In this work,we develop a composition gradient strategy and demonstrate a 6.82% efficient CZTSSe solar cell on F:SnO_(2)(FTO)substrate under the ambient condition.The composition gradient is realized by simply depositing the precursor inks with different Zn/Sn ratios.To verify that the high performance of the solar cell is attributed to the composition gradient strategy rather than the sole change of the Zn/Sn ratio,devices based on absorbers with varied Zn/Sn ratios are fabricated.Furthermore,the structure and surface morphology of the CZTSSe films with/without composition gradients are examined.The presence of elemental gradient through the depth of the CZTSSe films before and after annealing is confirmed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis.It is found that the composition gradient enhances the crystallinity of the absorber,reduces the surface roughness as well as device parasitic losses,contributing to a higher fill factor,open-circuit voltage,and conversion efficiency.