用铜物理显影的多级放大成像过程 Ⅰ.影像强化和节银效应

<正> 感光乳剂中卤化银颗粒接收足够的曝光量后可形成潜影,经过显影便成为可见影像。这个过程可以看作是第一级放大。它的放大因子为10~9。但是影像的密度取决于单位面积上显出的银量和银影像的遮盖本领。如果单位面积上显出的银颗粒太少,影像就不能被眼睛或仪器(如密度计)检测出来。单位面积上银颗粒太少可由两个原因造成的:或是因为曝光量太低以致具有可显潜影的颗粒太少;或是因为乳剂层中卤化银颗粒本来就太少。

铜物理显影机理的研究

本丈用透射电子显微镜研究了钢物理显影过程中银、铜颗粒的形貌;用X射线光电子能谱研究了银-铜影像的表面和体相的组成及化学状态。结果表明:在铜物理显影时,活化过程中银丝影像转变成树枝状,在以后的还原过程中银首先按枝状沉积,沉积的银包含两种化学状态单原子银和银原子簇,而影像表面为单原子银状态,银原子簇的存在使得Ag3d XPS有低能化学位移,铜的沉积未能完全遮盖住银表面,更由于铜的沉积产生的晶格张力促使银由体相向表面扩散,新生态的银和铜均具有催化活性,随着铜物理显影时间的增加,表面上的铜逐渐增加,最终银被铜完全遮盖,在这之后的铜物理显影是铜的自催化反应。

用铜物理显影的多级放大成像过程Ⅲ．影像中铜和银的分布及明胶对Au^（3＋）的还原

本文研究了铜物理显影后影像中铜和银的分布以及在非影像区明胶对Ａｕ￣（３＋）的还原作用。铜含量随着影像深度的增加而增加，银含量却随着深度的增加而减少。Ａｇ３ｄ结合能向低值位移说明影像内部的银处于单原子和多原子的混合状态，但是影像表面的银却为单原子状态，如果铜物理显影进行得足够长，铜最终会将银全部遮盖。在这以后的铜物理显影是铜的自催化过程，样片浸入氯金酸溶液中后，非影像区中吸收的氯金酸量大大高于影像区，因而铜的沉积速度在非影像区也比影像区大得多．明胶能还原Ａｕ￣（３＋）。还原过程可分为两步：第一步由Ａｕ￣（３＋）还原成Ａｕ￣＋，这一步在室温下是快反应；第二步由Ａｕ￣＋还原成金，这个反应比较慢，Ａｕ￣＋和Ａｕ在物理显影中可作为催化核，使铜在非影像区沉积。

废钢中铜的去除方法

介绍了废钢中各种杂质元素的含量及铜对钢材性能的影响 ,并综述了废钢除铜方法的种类及基本原理。作者认为 :除铜方法虽然很多 ,但选取何种方法更合适 。

Synergistic degradation of phenols by bimetallic CuO-Co_3O_4@γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst in H_2O_2/HCO_3^- system

The development of new catalytic techniques for wastewater treatment has long attracted much attention from industrial and academic communities.However,because of catalyst leaching during degradation,catalysts can be short lived,and therefore expensive,and unsuitable for use in wastewater treatment.In this work,we developed a bimetallic CuO-Co3O4@γ-Al2O3 catalyst for phenol degradation with bicarbonate-activated H2O2.The weakly basic environment provided by the bicarbonate buffer greatly suppresses leaching of active Cu and Co metal ions from the catalyst.X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed interactions between Cu and Co ions in the CuO-Co3O4@γ-Al2O3 catalyst,and these improve the catalytic activity in phenol degradation.Mechanistic studies using different radical scavengers showed that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals both played significant roles in phenol degradation,whereas singlet oxygen was less important.

Dilute H_2SO_4 solution for copper seed cleaning in electroplating

The effects of surface cleaning to eliminate the surface oxides formed on Cu seed layer with dilute H2SO4 solution were investigated. Cu seed layer formed on Ti/Si（100） wafer by sputter deposition was exposed to air to grow native Cu oxide. Dilute H2SO4 solutions and/or TS-40A alkaline soak cleaner were used to remove the native Cu-oxide. After mainly carbon groups （such as C=O） on surface of Cu seed layer were removed by pretreatment of TS-40A alkaline solution, subsequently, dilute H2SO4 acid solution removed Cu-oxides （Cu20 and CuO） as well as a lot of O=C and Cu（OH）2.

Influence of Molecular Stacking Pattern on Excited State Dynamics of Copper Phthalocyanine Films

Photophysical processes occurring within organic semiconductors is important for designing and fabricating organic solar cells.Copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)is a typical electron acceptor.In this work,the triplet exciton lifetime is prolonged by altering the molecular stacking pattern of the CuPc film.For CuPc thin films,the excited state decays are mainly determined by the triplet-triplet annihilation process.The ultrafast transient absorption measurements indicate that the primary annihilation mechanism is one-dimensional exciton diffusion collision destruction.The decay kinetics show a clearly time-dependent annihilation rate constant withγ∝t^(-1/2).Annihilation rate constants are determined to beγ0=(2.87±0.02)×10^(-20)cm^(3)·s^(-1/2)and(1.42±0.02)×10^(-20)cm^(3)·s^(-1/2)for upright and lyingdown configurations,respectively.Compared to the CuPc thin film with an upright configuration,the thin film with a lying-down configuration shows longer exciton lifetime and higher absorbance,which are beneficial to organic solar cells.The results in this work have important implications on the design and mechanistic understanding of organic optoelectronic devices.

Mechanism of bioleaching chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in agar-simulated extracellular polymeric substances media

The mechanism of leaching chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans （,4. ferrooxidans） in agar-simulated extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） media was investigated. The results indicate that bacterial EPS can release H＋ and concentrate Fe3＋; Fe2＋ is movable between agar-simulated EPS phase and bulk solution phase, but it is difficult for Fe3＋ to move due to its hydroxylation and EPS complex action; A. ferrooxidans first prefer Fe2＋ as energy to metabolize compared with chalcopyrite, and a suitable simulated EPS environment for bacterial living is at about pH 1.8; the iron precipitates and jarosites formed by a lot of biologically oxidized Fe3 cover the simulated EPS easily and form an impermeable deposit acting as a limited barrier of ion transport that attenuates the aggressiveness of the bioleaching attack. The EPS layer blocked by iron precipitates or jarosites is responsible for the chalcopyrite passivation.

Effect of Copper Oxide Nano Particle on Seed Germination of Selected Crops

Nano particles are finding their way into the environment through deliberate and accidental actions, ecotoxicological properties and the risks of these nano particles have yet not been fully characterized. In this present investigation, experiments were carried out to know the effect of Cu oxide-nano particles （〈 50 nm） on germination and growth of seeds of soybean and chickpea. In both the crops, germination was not checked up to 2,000 ppm Cu （applied through Cu oxide-nano particles）, but the root growth was prevented above 500 ppm Cu. With increasing concentration of NPs, the elongation of the roots was severely inhibited as compared to that in control. In many cases root necrosis was occurred. Massive adsorption of Cu oxide-nano particles into the root system was responsible for the toxicity. A parallel experiment was also carried out to know the effect of copper sulphate solution on seed germination, above 200 ppm Cu, it restricted the germination of seeds, because of high salinity.

Coordination configurations of cupric tartrate in electronic industry wastewater

The coordination structure of cupric tartrate(Cu−TA)complex was investigated by ultraviolet−visible(UV-Vis)and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer(LC-MS)firstly;furthermore,effective coordination configurations and electronic properties of Cu−TA in aqueous solution were systematically revealed by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.Consistently,Job plots show the possible existence of[Cu(TA)]and[Cu(TA)_(2)]^(2-)at 230 and 255 nm based on UV-Vis results.LC-MS results confirm the existence of the single and high coordination complexes[Cu_(2)(TA)_(2)]^(+),[Cu(TA)_(2)]^(+)and[Cu_(2)(TA)_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)(OH)_(2)]^(2+).DFT calculation results show that carboxylic oxygen and hydroxyl oxygen of tartaric acid(TA)are preferred sites for Cu(Ⅱ)coordination.[Cu(TA)](1H,3H sites O of TA coordinated with Cu(Ⅱ)),[Cu(TA)_(2)]^(2-)(two 1^(C),2^(H) sites O of TA coordinated with Cu(Ⅱ)),and[Cu(TA)_(3)]^(4-)(three 2H,3H sites O of TA coordinated with Cu(Ⅱ))should be dominant coordination configurations of Cu−TA.The corresponding Gibbs reaction energies are-170.1,-136.2,and-90.2 kJ/mol,respectively.

Iron-Oxide Cu-Au Mineralizing Systems： Eastern Yakutia Perspective

The GIS （geographic information system） used for predicting the associated with upper-intrusive zone of hydrothermal alteration IOCG （iron-oxide copper gold） mineralizing systems is shown by example of the northeast of Russian. IOCG ore deposits can have enormous geological resources with significant reserves of base, precious and strategic metals, are economically attractive targets for mineral exploration worldwide, but are still unknown in the northeast Russian. It was localized in Tarinskiy ore node （eastern Yakutia） field of brecciated altered rocks with sulfide and iron-oxide cement is a first in eastern Yakutia nature anomaly of IOCG-type with iron-oxide Cu-Au ± U specialization, that was formed close to the surface of Rep-Yuruinskiy pluton. It should be of interest as a new precious metals world class deposit type in northeast of Russia.

Characterizations of Banana Peel and its Efficiency for Copper Adsorption

This research described the chemical and physical characterizations of banana （Musa sapientum Linn） peel for adsorption of copper. The FT-IR spectroscopy, BET （surface area） and SEM （scanning electron microscopy） coupled with EDX （energy dispersive X-ray） analysis were used for characterizations, while copper concentration was determined by ICP spectroscopy. The different parameters： pH values 3.0 to 9.0, banana dose （0.1 g to 0.7 g） and adsorption times （30 min to 180 min） were investigated for studying an adsorption efficient. It was found that banana peel （0.1 g） was a bio-adsorbent for copper adsorption under the suitable conditions at pH 7.0 and 90 min adsorption time. The sorption pattern was additionally found to be in linear form, according to the Freundlich and Langmuir equations with R2 = 0.966 and 0.994, respectively.

Influence of CeO2 on Properties and Activity of Oxide Catalysts in Carbon Monoxide Oxidation

A series of catalysts on the basis of 10 wt.% CuO/y-AI203, 10 wt.% CuO ＋ 10 wt.% Cr2O3/y-AI203 and 15 wt.% MnO2/y -A1203 have been prepared and modified by CeO2 with contents up to 20 wt.%. Physico-chemical properties of the catalysts were determined by the methods of BET Adsorption, XRD, and TPR. Oxidative activity of the catalysts was studied at the temperature range 90-220 ℃and CO concentration of 3 mol.%. Addition of CeO2 led to changes in physico-chemical properties of the catalysts and formation of novel active centres that increased the activity of CuO and Cr203 containing catalysts, but decreased the activity of those, containing MnO2. The catalyst sample containing 10 wt.% CuO and 15 wt.% CeO2 has been shown to be the best one for complete conversion of CO. At the given conditions on this catalyst the complete oxidation of CO to CO2 occurred at 130 ~C during more than 500 h.

Experimental Investigation of Upgraded Diesel Fuel with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine

The enhancement of the physicochemical characteristics of fossil fuel has been the subject of extensive research to achieve better efficiency and reduced emissions. Diesel is one of the fossil fuels that are highly consumed in daily life. This paper focuses on the behavior of a refined diesel fuel when copper oxide nanoparticles are added. The resulting blend ofnano-diesel has been analyzed using a four-stroke engine under two loads indicating light vehicles and heavy duty vehicles. The nano-diesel was prepared by the aid of an ultrasonicator and a mechanical homogenizer. A base diesel was taken as a reference to distinguish the effect of the nanoparticles additives. Three different samples with different concentrations are utilized in this study. As a result, the fuel consumption, exhaust temperature, brake power, power losses and engine efficiency have been evaluated and compared to the base diesel in order to demonstrate and access the enhanced performance of the nano-fuel blend. The three concentrations conducted were 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm of copper oxide nanoparticles. The results represented that the pure refinery diesel has low exhaust temperatures, high brake power and high efficiency as compared to the commercial diesel supplied from a gas station. In addition, 300 ppm copper oxide nano-diesel showed improvement in engine performances as compared to the other concentrations and pure diesel. In this context, lowest fuel consumption for both passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles was achieved, brake power for passenger cars only was improved and input power showed improvement however, exhaust temperature was the highest as for this fuel.

Technosols Made of Wastes to Improve Physico-Chemical Characteristics of a Copper Mine Soil

Mine tailing soils created from the copper extraction in Touro Mine （Northwest Spain） are very degraded both physically and chemically. Three plots in this mine tailing were amended with Technosols in different proportions in each one to know if this mixture improved the physico-chemical characteristics of the mine soil and contaminated it with heavy metals. The Technosols were made of organic wastes, including mussel residues, wood fragments, sewage sludges and paper mill ashes. An unamended area was used as a control soil. Pseudototal and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid （DTPA）-extractable contents of A1, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in soil samples. The untreated soil had significant limitations for vegetation growth. All the Technosols improved the properties of the mine soil by increasing organic carbon and pH value, but they added Ni, Pb or Zn to the soil. It is advisable to check whether the heavy metal concentrations of the wastes are hazardous or not before adding to soils. It is also necessary to study the effect of these wastes over time and in more areas to conclude if they are actually favourable to restore degraded mine soils.

Oxygenolysis reaction mechanism of copper-dependent quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase:A density functional theory study

The mechanism of the action of copper-dependent quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase （2,3QD） has been investigated by means of hy- brid density functional theory. The 2,3QD enzyme cleaves the O-heterocycle of a quercetin by incorporation of both oxygen atoms into the substrate and releases carbon monoxide. The calculations show that dioxygen attack on the copper complex is energetically favorable. The adduct has a possible near-degeneracy of states between [Cu2＋-（substrate H＋）] and [Cu＋-（sub- strate-H）. ], and in addition the pyramidalized C2 atom is ideally suited for forming a dioxygembridged structure. In the next step, the C3-C4 bond is cleaved and intermediate lnt5 is formed via transition state TS4. Finally, the Oa-Ob and C2-C3 bonds are cleaved, and CO is released in one concerted transition state （TS5） with the barrier of 63.25 and 61.91 k J/tool in the gas phase and protein environments, respectively. On the basis of our proposed reaction mechanism, this is the rate-limiting step of the whole catalytic cycle and is strongly driven by a relatively large exothermicity of 100.86 kJ/mol. Our work provides some valuable fundamental insights into the behavior of this enzyme.

Phase diagrams on composition-spread Fe_(y)Te_(1-x)Se_(x) films

Fe_(y)Te_(1-x)Se_(x),an archetypical iron-based high-temperature superconductor with a simple structure but rich physical properties,has attracted lots of attention because the two end compositions,Se content x=0 and 1,exhibit antiferromagnetism and nematicity,respectively,making it an ideal candidate for studying their interactions with superconductivity.However,what is clearly lacking to date is a complete phase diagram of Fe_(y)Te_(1-x)Se_(x)as functions of its chemical compositions since phase separation usually occurs from x~0.6 to 0.9 in bulk crystals.Moreover,fine control of its composition is experimentally challenging because both Te and Se are volatile elements.Here we establish a complete phase diagram of Fe_(y)Te_(1-x)Se_(x),achieved by high-throughput film synthesis and characterization techniques.An advanced combinatorial synthesis process enables us to fabricate an epitaxial composition-spread Fe_(y)Te_(1-x)Se_(x)film encompassing the entire Se content x from 0 to 1 on a single piece of CaFsubstrate.The micro-region composition analysis and X-ray diffraction show a successful continuous tuning of chemical compositions and lattice parameters,respectively.The micro-scale pattern technique allows the mapping of electrical transport properties as a function of relative Se content with an unprecedented resolution of0.0074.Combining with the spin patterns in literature,we build a detailed phase diagram that can unify the electronic and magnetic properties of Fe_(y)Te_(1-x)Se_(x).Our composition-spread Fe_(y)Te_(1-x)Se_(x) films,overcoming the challenges of phase separation and precise control of chemical compositions,provide an ideal platform for studying the relationship between superconductivity and magnetism.

Effect of reduction-oxidation treatment on structure and catalytic properties of ordered mesoporous Cu-Mg-Al composite oxides

Ordered mesoporous Cu-Mg-A1 composite oxides were synthesized via the one-pot evaporation-in- duced self-assembly strategy. Using this method, copper was first homogeneously incorporated into the ordered mesoporous spinel matrix. After H2 reduction treatment, according to X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results, copper existed as metallic nanoparticles with the size of 6-10 nm that well decorated the parent mesoporous skeleton. The metallic nanoparticles were then re-oxidized to copper oxide when exposed to air or during CO oxidation reaction at low temperatures. Thus, copper migrated from bulk spinel phase to the surface after the reduction-oxidation treat- ment. Moreover, the copper on the surface was re-incor- porated into the bulk spinel phase by further thermal treatment at much higher temperature in the presence of air. The correlation between the state of copper in the mesoporous composite oxides and the catalytic perfor- mance toward CO oxidation was studied. It was found that copper existed as oxide nanoparticles on the surface of mesoporous Mg-Al skeleton is much more active than that existed as lattice Cu ions in spinel phase.

Clarification of copper species over Cu-SAPO-34 catalyst by DRIFTS and DFT study of CO adsorption

In this work, the nature, location and evolution of Cu+ ions in Cu-SAPO-34 are investigated by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrum(DRIFTS) of CO adsorption and density functional theory(DFT) calculation. By combination with DFT results, characteristic Cu+–CO bands located at 2154 and 2136 cm.1 are attributed to CO adsorbed on Cu+ ions located at sites I(in the plane of six-membered ring connected to the large cages) and site II(in the eight-membered ring cages near the tilted four membered ring) in the framework of H-SAPO-34 zeolite. Subsequently, both the influences of Cu loading and preparation method are considered and discussed. By varying the Cu loading, the site-occupation preference of Cu+ ions on site I is confirmed,especially at low Cu loadings. Through elevating the desorption temperature, migration of Cu+ ions is revealed because of the adsorption-induced effect. Furthermore, a facile and more efficient approach to introduce Cu+ ions into CHA zeolite, compared with solid-state ion exchange with CuCl and conventional ion exchange in aqueous solution, and the different preparation methods also result in different occupations of Cu+ ions.

An oxidation-nitridation-denitridation approach to transform metal solids into foams with adjustable pore sizes for energy applications

Metal foams with hierarchically porous structures are highly desirable in energy applications as active materials or their host substrates.However,conventional preparation methods usually have a quite limited flexibility of adjusting pore size of metal foams.Herein,an alternative new method based on gaseous thermal oxidation-nitridation-denitridation processes was developed to prepare metal(copper and nickel)foams with adjustable pore size by controlling the thermal nitridation temperature.Moreover,this environment-friendly method is independent of the shape of starting pure metal substrates and can be repeatedly applied to the metal substrates to create hierarchical porous structures containing different size pores.As a demonstration of the advantages of the resultant foams with abundant pores by this method,compared with its starting material(commercial Ni foam with the pore size of several millimeters),the resultant hierarchical porous Ni foam gives the remarkably enhanced performance of electrochemical water splitting as HER/OER electrodes and electrochemical energy storage as the host substrate of capacitive material MnO2.The metal foams with adjustable pore size prepared by the developed method will find a wide range of important applications in energy storage and conversion areas.