从紫砂新作《素依》看多种艺术的碰撞与交融

从紫砂壶上升到艺术的殿堂,至今已有六百年。这六百年来,时代更迭,社会巨迁,很多手工艺走向没落甚至消逝,而紫砂壶艺在各个时代都谱写了璀璨的篇章,甚至在今天成为中国茶具的百器之首。这样的盛世繁歌,源于历代紫砂艺人的突破与创新,让紫砂壶艺的脚步紧跟时代的发展,契合着时代人的审美。特别是在美育渗透着思想性、时代性的当代,艺术的创作亟需多元化、个性化以满足时代人的审美倾向,紫砂壶艺的创作也一直在寻找着更大的突破,尝试通过多种艺术的碰撞与交融挖掘这门艺术更多的可能性,紫砂壶新作《素依》正是这种尝试与探索之路上的缩影。

Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761) attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats:Roles of oxidative stress and nitric oxide

AIM： To investigate the effect of ginkgo biloba extract （EGb 761） on lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion （ Ⅱ/R）. METHODS： The rat model of Ⅱ/R injury was produced by damping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 180 min. The rats were randomly allocated into sham, Ⅱ/R, and EGb ＋Ⅱ/R groups. In EGb ＋Ⅱ/R group, EGb 761 （100 mg/kg per day） was given via a gastric tube for 7 consecutive days prior to surgery. Rats in Ⅱ/R and sham groups were treated with equal volumes of the vehicle of EGb 761. Lung injury was assessed by light microscopy, wet-todry lung weight ratio （W/D） and pulmonary permeability index （PPT）. The levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and nitrite/nitrate （NO2/NO3）, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and myeloperoxidase （MPO） were examined. Western blot was used to determine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）. RESULTS： EGb 761 markedly improved mean arterial pressure and attenuated lung injury, manifested by the improvement of histological changes and significant decreases of pulmonary W/D and PPT （P 〈 0.05 or 0.01）.Moreover, EGb 761 markedly increased SOD activity, reduced MDA levels and MPO activity, and suppressed NO generation accompanied by down-regulation of iNOS expression （P 〈 0.05 or 0.01）. CONCLUSION： The results indicate that EGb 761 has a protective effect on lung injury induced by Ⅱ /R, which may be related to its antioxidant property and suppressions of neutrophil accumulation and iNOS- induced NO generation. EGb 761 seems to be an effective therapeutic agent for critically ill patients with respiratory failure related to Ⅱ/R.

Effect of Lonicerae Flos extracts on reflux esophagitis with antioxidant activity

AIM： To observe the effects of traditional antiinflammatory medicine Lonicerae FIos （LF） on rat reflux esophagitis （RE） induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation compared with the well-known proton antioxidant, α-tocopherol. METHODS： Rats were pretreated with three different dosages of LF （500, 250 and 125 mg/kg） orally, once a day for 14 d before pylorus and forestomach ligation. Nine hours after pylorus and forestomach ligation, changes to the stomach and esophagus lesion areas, gastric volumes, acid and pepsin outputs, antioxidant effects, esophageal lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, myeloperoxidase and glutathione （GSH） levels, and collagen contents （marker of flexibility） were observed on the esophageal and fundic histopathology. The results were compared with an α-tocopherol （once orally, 1 h before operation, 30 mg/kg） treated group in which the effects on RE were already confirmed.RESULTS： Pylorus and forestomach ligations caused marked increases of gross esophageal and gastric mucosa lesion areas, which corresponded with histopathological changes. In addition, increases of esophageal lipid peroxidation, decreases of SOD, CAT, and GSH-free radical scavengers, increases of collagen were observed. However, these pylorus and forestomach ligation induced RE were dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg of LF extract, mediated by antioxidant effects. RE at 250 mg/kg showed similar effects α-tocopherol. CONCLUSION： The results suggest that antioxidant effects of LF could attenuate the severity of RE and prevent the esophageal mucosal damage, and validate its therapeutic use in esophageal reflux disease.

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats

AIM: To evaluate the preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats. METHODS: Female Wistar albino rats were used for the studies. We randomly divided the rats for each study into five subgroups: normal control, experimental control, and three experimental groups. The gastric ulcers were induced by instilling 1 mL 50% ethanol into the stomach. We gave GbE 8.75,17.5,26.25 mg/kg intravenously to the experimental groups respectively 30 min prior to the ulcerative challenge. We removed the stomachs 45 min later. The gastric ulcers, gastric mucus and the content of non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH), malondialdehyde (MDA), c-Jun kinase (JNK) activity in gastric mucosa were evaluated. The amount of gastric juice and its acidity were also measured. RESULTS: The findings of our study are as follows: (1) GbE pretreatment was found to provide a dose-dependent protection against the ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats; (2) the GbE pretreatment afforded a dose-dependent inhibition of ethanol-induced depletion of stomach wall mucus, NP-SH contents and increase in the lipid peroxidation (increase MDA) in gastric tissue; (3) gastric ulcer induced by ethanol produced an increase in JNK activity in gastric mucosa which also significantly inhibited by pretreatment with GbE; and (4) GbE alone had no inhibitory effect on gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. CONCLUSION: The finding of this study showed that GbE significantly inhibited the ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. We suggest that the preventive effect of GbE may be mediated through: (1) inhibition of lipid peroxidation; (2) preservation of gastric mucus and NP-SH; and (3) blockade of cell apoptosis.

Neuroprotective action of Ginkgo biloba on the enteric nervous system of diabetic rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the enteric neurons in the small intestine of diabetic rats. METHODS: Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (C), diabetic group (D) and diabetic-treated (DT) daily with EGb 761 extract (50 mg/kg body weight) for 120 d. The enteric neurons were identified by the myosin-V immunohistochemical technique. The neuronal density and the cell body area were also analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the neuronal population (myenteric plexus P = 0.0351; submucous plexus P = 0.0217) in both plexuses of the jejunum in group D when compared to group C. With regard to the ileum, there was a significant decrease (P = 0.0117) only in the myenteric plexus. The DT group showed preservation of the neuronal population in the jejunum submucous plexus and in the myenteric plexus in the ileum. The cell body area in group D increased significantly (P = 0.0001) in the myenteric plexus of both segments studied as well as in the ileum submucosal plexus, when compared to C. The treatment reduced (P = 0.0001) the cell body area of the submucosal neurons of both segments and the jejunum myenteric neurons. CONCLUSION: The purified Ginkgo biloba extract has a neuroprotective effect on the jejunum submucous plexus and the myenteric plexus of the ileum of diabetic rats.

THE APPLICATION OF A NOVEL ADSORBENT IN RAPID SAMPLE CLEAN-UP OF GINKGOLIDES AND BILOBALIDE IN EXTRACTS OF GINKGO BILOBA LEAVES

A rapid method has been developed for rapid sample clean-up in the determination of the pharmocologically active terpenoid including ginkgolide A, B. C and bilobalide in ginkgo biloba leaves extracts (GBE). The extracts are dissolved in 7% of ethanol aqueous solution and then purified by a highly selective polymeric absorbent solid-phase chromatographic column. After being concentrated, the separated terpenoids with no phenolic disturbance are determined by highperformance liquid chromatography on a Nova-Pak C18 column with methanol-water (30:70) as effluent and refractive index defection. The recovery of the method is about 95% and the new method saves more time than the conventional two-column purification method.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on expression of biomarkers during aflatoxin B_1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats

Objective： The aim of this study was to study the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract （EGb761） on metabolism of afiatoxin B1 （AFB1） in Wistar rats. Methods： Seventy one Wistar rats were assigned at random to groups A, B and C. Rats in groups A, B were injected with AFB1 （intraperitoneal, 100-200 ug/kg body weight, 1-3 times/week）. Group C was normal control. Rats in group B were fed in food with EGb761, while rats in groups A, C were given normal food. Blood samples were collected and liver biopsies were performed on the 14th, 28th and 42nd week. All the rats were sacrificed on the 64th week. The incidence of hepatocarcinoma was investigated. The hepatic phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme Cytochrome-P450 （CYP450） and phase II metabolizing enzyme glutathione S-transferase （GST） were analyzed with spectrometry. Serum AFB1- lysine adduct levels were assessed with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The expression of 8-hydroxydeoxy- guanosine （8-OHdG） was measured with immunohistochemistry. Results： The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） in group B was significantly lower than that in group A （26.92% vs 76.00%, P 〈 0.001）. No HCC developed in group C. EGb761 showed no effects on the activities of CYP450 and GST in rat liver tissues. The level of AFB1-lysine adduct reached the peak （4356.01 pg/mg albumin） at the 14th week in group A. EGb761 significantly inhibited the formation of AFB1-lysine adduct in serum by 13.07% at the 14th week （P = 0.033）, and 73.63% at the 42nd week （P = 0.002）. The expression of 8-OHdG protein in rat liver tissues in group B was significantly lower than that in group A at the 28th, 42nd, and 64th week （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The main mechanism underlying the effect of EGb761 in blocking hepatocarcinogenesis induced by AFB1 may not be fully attributable to its influence on the activity of liver phase I and phase II metabolizing enzymes. EGb761 inhibits the production of AFB1-lysine adducts, decreases the expression of 8-OHdG protein, and finally alleviates the DNA oxidative injury, which may be one of the mechanisms for the effects of EGb761 in inhibiting or delaying AFB1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

HPLC-UV Analysis and Antioxidant Potential of Phenolic Compounds from Endemic Shrub of Arid Environment Tamarix pauciovulata J, Gay

This research presents complete phenolic compounds and biological activity of Tamarix pauciovulata J. Gay, an endemic Saharan species. The antioxidant assays revealed that crude extract showed strong DPPH scavenging activity （IC50 = 49.357 μg/mL） but in reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, butanolic and ethyl acetate fractions have a potent ferrous ion-chelating ability in particularly the butanolic fraction （63.18% reduced power at 50 μg/mL） and a powerful scavenging activity on hydrogen peroxide in particularly ethyl acetate fraction （IC50 = 0.205 μg/mL）. The phenolic compounds of Tamarix pauciovulata leaves were analyzed by HPLC-UV. The major phenolic of leaf extracts are syringic acid （1.07 g/100g）, quercetin （34.1 mg/100g）, kaempferol （5.77 mg/100g）, isorhamnetin （5 mg/100g）. Others phenols were identified such as isoquercetin, catechin, epicatechin and its derivatives. Results indicated that the leaves extracts from Tamarix pauciovulata have great capacities to prevent diseases caused by the overproduction of radicals and can become important source of dietary compounds with health protective potential.

Isolation and Preparative Purification for Ginkgolides A and B

In this paper a simple preparative method for isolation and purification of ginkgolides A and B was developed,As starting material,a commercially available standardized ginkgo extract (EGb761,containing 24% flavonoid and 6% terpene trilactones) was used,After a pretreatment step,optimized by the uniform design method ,the concentrated intermediate extract with high content of GA and gb(+90%) was separated into the individual terpenes by preparative liquid chromatography eluted with petroleum ether-ethylacetate,Analysis of products was carried out by means of HPLC-ELSD(evaporative light -scattering detector),The results show that ginkgolides A and B are obtained in higher yield and better purity.

Simultaneous quantification of flavonol glycosides, terpene lactones, polyphenols and carboxylic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract by UPLC-QTOF-MS^E based metabolomic approach

Abstract： In the present study, we established an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-QTOF-MSE） method to simultaneously quantify 33 components in Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts （GBEs）, including 17 flavonol glycosides, five terpene trilactones （TTLs）, four polyphenols and seven carboxylic acids. This optimized method was successfully applied to analyze the explicit compositions of GBE samples collected from different places. Furthermore, the data were processed through unsupervised principal component analysis （PCA） and supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis （OPLS-DA） to evaluate the quality and compare the differences between the samples according to the contents of the 33 chemical constituents. Bilobalide, protocatechuic acid, shikimic acid, quinic acid, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide J, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-ct-L-rhamnopyranocyl-2＂-（6＇＂-p-coumaroyl）-β-D-glucoside and rutin were recognized as characteristic chemical markers that contributed most to control the quality of GBEs. Based on the fact that GBEs should be standardized with the characteristic components as quality control chemical markers, it is most important to maintain the quality of GBEs stable and reliable, and this method also provided a good strategy to further rectify and standardize the GBEs market.

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on rats during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on rats during ischemia/reperfusion and its influence on intracellular calcium in hippocampal neurons. METHODS: Model of intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) was used to prepare the ischemia/reperfusion cortex tissue. Concentration of MDA was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance. GSH-PX was quantified using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) technique. SOD was assayed througha xanthine method. Endogenous amino acids were quantified by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Primary culturs of hippocampal neurons were prepared for a free intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]I) assay by Fura-2 based single cell microfluoremetric technique. RESULTS: Comparing control and treatment groups, the concentration of SOD and GSH-PX were higher, whereas that of MDA was much lower; the concentration of glutamate and aspartate decreased and that of GABA increased markedly at all time point (P

银杏叶与山楂提取物配伍治疗SHR高血压的实验研究

目的:探讨银杏叶、山楂提取物配伍联用治疗高血压模型动物的作用和机制。方法:自发高血压大鼠(Spontaneously hypertensive rats,SHR)的基础血压值随机分成7组(模型对照、卡托普利、银杏叶提取物、山楂提取物、银杏叶/山楂提取物1:1、1:2和1:3配伍组),同时选用SD大鼠作为正常对照组,每组10只动物,按设计剂量(卡托普利35 mg/kg,银杏叶提取物150 mg/kg,山楂提取物组130 mg/kg,其他均为300 mg/kg)每日给予受试物,对照组给予蒸馏水,连续30天,以尾脉搏法测定血压。每周测量血压、心率和体重一次,实验末摘眼球采血并处死动物,计算心室指数,血液分离血清后测定血清中一氧化氮、丙二醛的含量以及总超氧化歧化酶的活力。结果:实验末,山楂提取物、银杏叶/山楂提取物1:2和1:3配伍组的动物收缩压明显低于模型对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),而各组对动物的心率、体重无明显影响。山楂提取物和1:3配伍组的动物心室指数和血清中丙二醛含量明显降低,一氧化氮水平则显著升高,且1:3配伍组血清中总超氧化歧化酶的活力也明显升高;此外,银杏叶提取物组的动物血清中丙二醛含量也明显降低,而总超氧化歧化酶的活力则显著升高。结论:银杏叶和山楂提取物按1:3配伍联用能协同有效降低SHR的血压,保护累及的组织器官,其作用机制为通过调节内皮依赖性舒血管物质减少外周血管阻力,同时通过抗氧化作用来保护高血压诱发的重要组织器官损伤。

银杏叶提取物片联合丁苯酞软胶囊对阿尔茨海默病的疗效及安全性观察

目的:观察银杏叶提取物片联合丁苯酞软胶囊对阿尔茨海默病的疗效及安全性。方法:将我院收治的80例阿尔茨海默病患者作为资料进行研究(纳入时间为2014年10月~2016年8月)。其中40例给予丁苯酞治疗(对照组),另外40例给予银杏叶提取物片联合丁苯酞软胶囊治疗(观察组)。分析两组治疗的疗效、相关量表进步情况、血清有关因子变化以及药物安全性。结果:治疗6个月后,观察组总有效率为82.50%,高于对照组60.00%(p<0.05)。两组经治疗,MMSE、ADAS-cog和ADL得分均较治疗前进步(均p<0.05);观察组以上三个量表得分分别为(20.38±1.17、31.19±0.97、27.94±1.15)分,均优于对照组(17.37±1.14、35.16±1.02、32.02±1.09)分(均p<0.05)。两组经治疗,血浆NO和血清VEGF和MDA水平均优于治疗前(均p<0.05);观察组以上三个指标水平分别为(44.07±1.04μmol/L、180.6±8.7ng/L、2.12±0.34μmol/L),均优于对照组(37.96±0.97μmol/L、169.4±8.2ng/L、3.28±0.38μmol/L)(均p<0.05)。对照组在治疗期间出现15.00%的不良反应比例,高于观察组10.00%,但差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)。结论:银杏叶提取物片能提高阿尔茨海默病的治疗效果,改善患者血清学相关指标,且不良反应少。