锌磷肥配施对水稻产量及生育性状的影响

水稻施用锌肥的增产效果国内外已有不少报道，但在延边地区的土壤和气候条件下施用好肥却未见报道。本文通过锌磷肥配施试验证明，在粘壤质草甸型水稻土上，锌磷肥配合施用对水稻的增产效果为３．９１～８．０１％；锌磷配施的最佳组合是过石５００ｋｇ／ｈａ，七水硫酸锌１５ｋｇ／ｈａ，ｐ／ｚｈ比值为１１．３９；锌肥的主要增产作用是增加穗长和一、二次枝梗数，从而增加了每穗总粒数和实粒数。稻叶对锌的吸收在有效分蘖终止期达到高峰，为２９．２３ｐｐｍ左右；精米中的含锌量在１５．３２ｐｐｍ左右．植株地上部吸锌量在１．０６４—１．２６６ｍｇ／穴之间，施磷过量抑制根对锌的吸收和锌向穗部的转移。

锌与磷肥不同混合方式对玉米产量及磷、锌利用的影响

【目的】研究锌与磷肥以不同混合方式施用对玉米干物质量、籽粒产量及磷、锌利用率的影响,以期为锌与磷肥科学配伍及新型含锌磷肥的研制提供理论依据。【方法】将七水硫酸锌(Zn)按0.5%和5%(W/W)的添加量与磷肥(P)分别进行物理混合(P+Zn)和反应混合(PZn),制备含锌磷肥试验产品:P+Zn0.5、P+Zn5、PZn0.5和PZn5。采用玉米土柱栽培试验,设置8个处理,包括分别施用以上4种含锌磷肥(P+Zn0.5、P+Zn5、PZn0.5和PZn5)、普通磷肥(P)和硫酸锌(Zn0.5、Zn5),以不施肥为对照(CK)。所有肥料均作为基肥一次性施入土柱0—30 cm土层。玉米成熟后,收获、考种,测定玉米植株不同部位(茎秆、叶片、苞叶、穗轴、籽粒)干物质量、磷和锌含量,以及采集0—30、30—60、60—90 cm土层土壤速效磷和有效锌含量。【结果】1)与普通磷肥相比,锌与磷肥混合处理玉米地上部干物质量和籽粒产量分别平均提高了15.18%、7.70%,反应混合(PZn)效果优于物理混合(P+Zn),PZn主要通过增加穗粒数实现增产,锌肥低添加量PZn0.5增产效果显著优于高添加量PZn5。2)与普通磷肥相比,PZn0.5处理玉米地上部和籽粒磷吸收量分别提高了8.40%和16.67%,磷肥表观利用率提高了5.03个百分点,磷肥农学效率和偏生产力分别提高了41.91%和11.64%;与PZn5相比,PZn0.5的磷肥表观利用率提高4.78个百分点,磷肥农学效率和偏生产力分别提高了14.57%和3.58%(P<0.05)。3)与普通磷肥相比,施用PZn肥玉米籽粒锌累积量平均提高了21.90%(P<0.05);与P+Zn肥相比,施用PZn肥玉米地上部锌累积量平均提高了25.70%,锌肥利用率平均提高了7.83个百分点(P<0.05)。【结论】锌与磷肥混合后施用能够增加玉米干物质量和籽粒产量,其中反应混合方式在提高玉米对磷、锌的吸收量和磷、锌肥利用率以及提高土壤速效磷、有效锌含量等方面的效果优于物理混合,且以硫酸锌0.5%添加量与磷肥反应混合效果最佳。

锌与磷肥混合方式对土壤中磷、锌有效性的影响

【目的】研究了锌与磷肥分别以物理混合和反应混合的方式结合后施用对土壤中锌、磷有效性的影响,为磷肥与锌肥的科学配施及高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】将锌肥(ZnSO_(4)·7H_(2)O)分别按0.5%和5%的质量比与磷酸氢二钾进行物理混合(P+Zn)和反应混合(PZn)后,制备含锌磷肥分别为P+Zn0.5、P+Zn5、PZn0.5和PZn5。利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和核磁共振波谱(NMR)分析锌与磷肥以不同方式结合对磷、锌化学结构和形态的影响;利用土壤培养试验,研究锌与磷肥以不同方式结合后施用对土壤有效锌和有效磷含量、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性及土壤pH的影响。试验设置8个处理:1)不施任何肥料(CK对照);2)施用普通磷肥(P);3)单施ZnSO_(4)·7H_(2)O 0.28 mg/kg(Zn0.5);4)单施ZnSO_(4)·7H_(2)O 2.81 mg/kg(Zn5);5)施用含锌磷肥P+Zn0.5(P+Zn0.5);6)施用含锌磷肥P+Zn5(P+Zn5);7)施用含锌磷肥PZn0.5(PZn0.5);8)施用含锌磷肥PZn5(PZn5)。其中,处理2)、5)、6)、7)和8)的磷用量相同,处理3)、5)和7)的锌用量相同,处理4)、6)和8)的锌用量相同。【结果】1)与单施锌肥相比,锌与磷肥以物理混合(P+Zn)和反应混合(PZn)两种方式结合后施用均可提高土壤有效锌含量,4种含锌磷肥(P+Zn0.5、P+Zn5、PZn0.5、PZn5)分别使土壤有效锌含量提高了2.90%、12.17%、24.64%和10.86%,同样含锌量下反应制备的含锌磷肥(PZn0.5、PZn5)的效果比物理混合(P+Zn0.5、P+Zn5)的显著高出21.13%、7.37%。与PZn5处理相比,PZn0.5处理的土壤锌固定率可降低10.49个百分点。2)土壤培养60天时,PZn0.5和PZn5处理的土壤有效磷含量较普通磷肥分别提高5.76%和5.70%,P+Zn0.5、PZn0.5和PZn5处理的土壤磷固定率分别降低了3.33、2.74和0.57个百分点。3)在培养初始期,PZn0.5、PZn5处理可提高土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,以PZn0.5处理的效果好于PZn5处理,培养后期PZn0.5、PZn5处理可降低土壤pH,PZn0.5处理的降幅大于PZn5处理。【结论】施用物理混合或反应混合制备的含锌磷肥均可减少土壤对锌的固定,由于反应生成的含锌磷肥可降低土壤pH,其减少锌固定的效果优于物理混合,而且还可减少磷在土壤中的固定。以添加0.5%的硫酸锌反应制备的磷肥效果更好。

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae-Mediated Uptake and Thanslocation of P and Zn by Wheat in Calcareous Soil

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi have been credited with improving the groWth and mineral nutrition of many host plants but these effects are moderated by soil factors and nutrient balance. The combined effects of VAM, Zn and P application on the growth and translocation of nutrients in wheat were investigated using a calcareous soil marginal in P and Zn concentrations. Wheat was grown in a growth chamber under various combinations of VAM, P and Zn with measurements done at heading stage and maturity.Vegetative dry matter accumulation was increased by P application and reduced by VAM treatments. Both P and VAM increased grain yield. Zinc concentration and uptake were generally reduced by P addition and VAM infection. There were no antagonistic effects of Zn on P acquisition in the plant. The role of VAM in enhancing the translocation of Zn and P from root to grain would be beneficial to seed setting and yield.

Transformation and Availability of Various Forms of Zinc in Soils

The transformation and availability of various forms of Zn applied into a cinnamon soil and a carbonate meadow soil as well as the effects of fertilizer-P on them were studied by using the field experiment method and chemically sequential extraction procedure. Zn added into the soils was found to be rapidly transformed into the various forms. In the cinnamon soil, the amount of Zn transformed into the carbonate bound form was the highest, and the carbonate bound form was proven by the analyses of intensity factor and capacity factor to be the primary available Zn pool.But in the carbonate meadow soil, the Zn transformed was relatively homogeneously distributed in the various forms though the amount of Zn transformed into the Mn-oxide bound form was relatively high, and the organically bound, Mn-oxide bound and amorphous Fe-oxide.bound forms were found to be the main available Zn pool. Fertilizer-P took part in the regulation and control of available Zn in the soils to a certain degree. In the carbonate meadow soil, application of P fertilizer probably aggravated Zn deficiency at low Zn rate, while it was favorable to the storage of available Zn in the case of high Zn rate.