土壤追施锌肥对水稻植株锌累积特征影响研究

通过田间试验,在水稻(扬育粳2号)分蘖期及灌浆期追施锌肥,探究不同生育时期及锌肥施用水平对水稻成熟期植株吸收和累积锌特征的影响.结果显示:在两个时期施肥后,水稻成熟期各器官锌含量和植株锌累积量均随施肥量增加而增加,锌在各器官的分配比例也随之改变;施肥处理后,营养器官茎中锌含量最高可达到对照组的4.3倍(分蘖期),而糙米锌含量较对照组最大增幅分别为20.9%(分蘖期)和29.7%(灌浆期);相同锌肥水平下,分蘖期施肥植株锌累积量(最高454μg)均高于灌浆期(最高266.2μg),而锌收获指数(最大0.194)均低于灌浆期施肥(最大0.336).总之,土壤追施锌肥可以显著增加水稻植株锌的累积,并一定程度上提高水稻籽粒中锌的含量和累积量;灌浆期较分蘖期追施锌肥更有利于提高水稻籽粒锌水平,是通过土壤追肥方式提高水稻籽粒锌水平的关键时期.

锌与农药配合喷施对小麦锌累积分配及转移的影响

【目的】探讨锌与农药配合喷施对小麦籽粒锌累积、分配及转移的影响,以期为简化小麦籽粒锌强化技术提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,设置喷施锌和施农药2个因素,其中喷锌因子分为不喷锌(Zn0)和喷4g/L ZnSO_4·7H_2O(Zn1)2个水平,喷施农药因子分为不喷农药(NS)、喷三唑酮(Tr)和吡虫啉(Im)3个水平,采用完全方案,共计6个处理。通过测定小麦籽粒全Zn含量,研究锌与农药配合喷施对小麦籽粒富锌效果的影响;测定小麦各营养器官(茎秆、叶片和颖壳)全Zn含量和不同形态(可溶和非可溶性)Zn含量,并计算花前和花后Zn吸收量及其向籽粒的转移量,以探讨锌与农药配合喷施对Zn在小麦体内转移和分配的影响及机制。【结果】与不喷锌处理相比,无论单独喷锌(Zn1+NS)还是锌与农药配合喷施(Zn1+Tr或Zn1+Im),均能显著提高小麦籽粒干质量及全Zn含量。相较于单独喷锌处理(Zn1+NS),锌与农药配合喷施(Zn1+Tr或Zn1+Im)对籽粒全Zn含量无显著影响,但籽粒干质量均增加17%以上,因而籽粒Zn携出量显著增加。与单独喷锌处理(Zn1+NS)相比,锌与农药配合喷施处理(Zn1+Tr或Zn+Im)小麦茎秆、叶片和颖壳全Zn含量和Zn携出量均显著提高,其中叶片和颖壳增幅大于茎秆。此外,锌与农药配合喷施处理(Zn1+Tr或Zn1+Im)小麦花后Zn吸收量及其向籽粒的转移量均显著高于单独喷锌处理(Zn1+NS)。单独喷锌处理(Zn1+NS)颖壳可溶性Zn占全Zn的比例为60.8%,而锌与农药配合喷施处理(Zn1+Tr或Zn1+Im)颖壳可溶性Zn占全Zn比例均达70%以上。【结论】锌与农药配合喷施不会显著影响Zn肥的籽粒富锌效果,但能提高营养器官对Zn的吸收及有效增加Zn向籽粒的转移及累积。因此,锌与农药配合喷施可作为小麦籽粒锌强化的有效措施。

氮锌配施对不同冬小麦品种产量及锌营养的影响

为比较石灰性土壤氮锌配施对不同小麦品种生长及锌营养的影响,选10种本地主要种植小麦品种,进行连续两年的田间试验,测定小麦产量及锌含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤上单施锌肥和氮锌配施对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量的影响因品种而异。单施锌肥及氮锌配施处理可显著增加土壤有效锌含量,但单施锌肥处理仅增加"西杂1号"、"武农148"、"郑麦9023"籽粒锌含量;氮锌配施增加除"小偃22"外其余9种供试小麦品种籽粒锌含量,增幅为7.3%～54.7%。单施锌肥对小麦锌累积量增加的效果不明显;氮锌配施可显著增加小麦地上部锌累积量,两季分别增加6.5%、29.8%。单施氮肥可显著增加小麦锌吸收,但其主要累积在小麦茎叶部。在石灰性土壤上,单施锌肥虽显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,但对小麦产量及籽粒Zn含量增加有限,氮锌肥配施可取得较好效果。

氮锌配施对小麦产量及氮锌含量的影响

以‘扬麦16号’为供试材料,在大田条件下研究2种氮肥用量下6个施锌量和4种施锌方法对小麦的产量和成熟期植株的氮、锌含量及累积量的效应。结果表明:锌肥的施用在增加小麦产量的同时,也显著增加小麦植株的锌、氮含量,且随施锌量的增加而增加。不同施锌方法在提高籽粒锌含量上从高到低依次为叶面喷施与土施(S50+F2)、叶面喷施(F2)、土施(S50)、对照(CK),且叶面喷施锌肥的效果显著高于土壤施用。氮肥用量显著影响小麦产量和小麦植株对氮、锌的吸收与累积,表现为高施氮量处理高于常规施氮量处理。籽粒中的氮含量和锌含量存在显著的正相关关系,高施氮量和常规施氮量下其相关系数分别为0.934 9和0.885 1。在本试验条件下,合理运筹氮、锌肥料和优化施肥措施是提高小麦产量与籽粒锌营养品质的一个快速有效途径。

锌与磷肥不同混合方式对玉米产量及磷、锌利用的影响

【目的】研究锌与磷肥以不同混合方式施用对玉米干物质量、籽粒产量及磷、锌利用率的影响,以期为锌与磷肥科学配伍及新型含锌磷肥的研制提供理论依据。【方法】将七水硫酸锌(Zn)按0.5%和5%(W/W)的添加量与磷肥(P)分别进行物理混合(P+Zn)和反应混合(PZn),制备含锌磷肥试验产品:P+Zn0.5、P+Zn5、PZn0.5和PZn5。采用玉米土柱栽培试验,设置8个处理,包括分别施用以上4种含锌磷肥(P+Zn0.5、P+Zn5、PZn0.5和PZn5)、普通磷肥(P)和硫酸锌(Zn0.5、Zn5),以不施肥为对照(CK)。所有肥料均作为基肥一次性施入土柱0—30 cm土层。玉米成熟后,收获、考种,测定玉米植株不同部位(茎秆、叶片、苞叶、穗轴、籽粒)干物质量、磷和锌含量,以及采集0—30、30—60、60—90 cm土层土壤速效磷和有效锌含量。【结果】1)与普通磷肥相比,锌与磷肥混合处理玉米地上部干物质量和籽粒产量分别平均提高了15.18%、7.70%,反应混合(PZn)效果优于物理混合(P+Zn),PZn主要通过增加穗粒数实现增产,锌肥低添加量PZn0.5增产效果显著优于高添加量PZn5。2)与普通磷肥相比,PZn0.5处理玉米地上部和籽粒磷吸收量分别提高了8.40%和16.67%,磷肥表观利用率提高了5.03个百分点,磷肥农学效率和偏生产力分别提高了41.91%和11.64%;与PZn5相比,PZn0.5的磷肥表观利用率提高4.78个百分点,磷肥农学效率和偏生产力分别提高了14.57%和3.58%(P<0.05)。3)与普通磷肥相比,施用PZn肥玉米籽粒锌累积量平均提高了21.90%(P<0.05);与P+Zn肥相比,施用PZn肥玉米地上部锌累积量平均提高了25.70%,锌肥利用率平均提高了7.83个百分点(P<0.05)。【结论】锌与磷肥混合后施用能够增加玉米干物质量和籽粒产量,其中反应混合方式在提高玉米对磷、锌的吸收量和磷、锌肥利用率以及提高土壤速效磷、有效锌含量等方面的效果优于物理混合,且以硫酸锌0.5%添加量与磷肥反应混合效果最佳。

基施锌肥对马铃薯锌含量及块茎品质的影响

锌是影响人类健康的重要元素。马铃薯作为世界第四大粮食作物,提高其块茎锌含量对于改善人体健康具有重要意义。以马铃薯品种‘大西洋’为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究基施锌肥对马铃薯锌含量及块茎主要营养品质的影响。施用锌肥可提高马铃薯各器官锌含量及全株锌累积量,成熟期锌处理(Zn)下马铃薯块茎锌含量及全株锌累积量分别为17.50 mg/kg和3.07 mg/株,相比对照(CK)分别提高了57.66%和169.30%。施锌增加了锌在根中的累积分配比例,降低了锌在块茎中的累积分配比例。Zn处理下块茎还原糖、淀粉、游离氨基酸、维生素C及粗蛋白含量分别比CK处理增加了38.46%、9.33%、25.97%、16.86%、16.17%,可溶性糖含量与CK无显著差异,硝酸盐含量比CK降低了15.08%。总的来看,基施锌肥在强化块茎锌营养及改善块茎品质方面有着显著效果。

氮锌配施对小麦锌转运、分配与累积的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同氮锌肥运筹方式对小麦植株不同器官中锌的转运、分配与累积的影响。结果表明:不同处理植株器官中锌浓度和锌累积量的差异达显著水平。与N3(120 kg·hm^-2)相比,N1(240 kg·hm^-2)和N2(180 kg·hm^-2)的籽粒锌浓度分别提高22.0%和8.9%;与未施锌(CK)相比,ZnS(土施锌肥)、ZnF(喷施锌肥)和ZnS+ZnF(土施结合喷施锌肥)处理的籽粒锌浓度分别提高15.4%、60.5%和72.8%,籽粒锌累积量分别提高21.3%、82.5%和102.4%。籽粒中锌主要来自花后吸收锌的再分配,在ZnF和ZnS+ZnF处理中的累积贡献率分别为89.9%和100.0%,锌肥回收率分别较ZnS提高4.8和1.1倍,锌肥利用率分别提高7.9和2.2倍。当前生产条件下,当施氮量<240 kg·hm^-2时,小麦不同器官锌浓度和锌累积量均随施氮量的增加而提高,喷施锌肥可显著提高籽粒中的锌浓度和锌累积量。因而,生产中可通过维持高产施氮方案并结合生育后期喷施锌肥的措施来提高籽粒中的锌浓度和锌累积量,从而提高小麦籽粒锌营养品质。

Differences of Uptake and Accumulation of Zinc in Four Species of Sedum

Four species of Sedum L. were grown in nutrient solution for the comparison of their Zn uptake and accumulation. S. alfredii Hance showed much greater tolerance to Zn than the other three species. Shoot and root yields of S. sarmentosum Bunge, S. bulbiferum Makino, and S. emarginatum Migo decreased with increasing Zn concentration in the solution, while shoot and root yields of S. alfredii increased when Zn concentration was ≤80 mg·L -1. At 80 mg·L -1 Zn, Zn concentration in shoots of S. alfredii reached 19.09 mg·g -1. S. alfredii was also more efficient in Zn translocation from roots to shoots, while Zn concentration in shoots was much higher than in roots. However, this was not the case for the other three species. The results showed that S. alfredii is a Zn hyperaccumulator and could be useful for the phytoremediation of Zn-contaminated soils.

Growth Response and Metal Accumulation of Sedum alfredii to Cd/Zn Complex-Polluted Ion Levels

Sedum alfredii Hance has been identified as a new Zn-hyperaccumulator native to China. In this study, responses and metal accumulation of S alfredii were examined under Zn/Cd complex polluted conditions. The results showed that optimal growth of S alfredii in terms of the maximum dry matter yield was observed at Zn/Cd complex level of 500/100 mumol/L. Plant cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn) concentrations increased with increasing Cd or Zn supply. During the 20 d treatment, the highest Cd concentration in the leaves reached 12.1 g/kg at Zn/Cd level of 50/400 mumol/L and that of Zn in the stems was 23.2 g/kg at Zn/Cd level of 1000/50 mumol/L. The distribution of Cd in different plant parts decreased in the order: leaf > stem greater than or equal to root, whereas that of Zn was: stem > leaf greater than or equal to root. The accumulation of Cd and Zn in the shoots and roots of S. alfredii increased with the increasing of Zn/Cd supply levels, peaked at Zn/Cd levels of 250/400 and 500/100 mumol/L, respectively. The highest Cd and Zn uptake by the shoots was approximately 5 and 11 mg/plant, and was over 20 and 10 times higher than those in the roots, respectively. Zn supply at levels less than or equal to 500 mumol/L increased plant Cd concentrations, whereas high Zn supply decreased root Cd but did not affect leaf Cd concentrations in S alfredii Low Cd supply increased Zn concentration in the leaves, but Cd supply higher than 50 mumol/L considerably reduced root Zn concentrations, especially at low Zn level. These results indicate that S. alfredii can tolerate high Zn/Cd complex levels and has an extraordinary ability to hyperaccumulate not only Zn but also Cd. It could provide a new valuable plant material for understanding the mechanisms responsible for co-hyperaccumulation of Zn and Cd as well as for phytoremediation of the Cd/Zn complex polluted soils.

Effect of Copper and Zinc on Accumulation of Vitamin E in Wheat Embryo-derived Callus

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of the content of copper and zinc on in medium the vitamin E accumulation in wheat embryo-dreived callus.[Method] The mathematical models were established to describe the growth kinetics and the vitamin E accumulation in wheat embryo callus cells.With the aim of getting the highest accumulation of the secondary metabolite Vitamin E,the optimal combination of copper and zinc in medium was confirmed by testing.[Result] The results showed that the production of vitamin E in B5 medium reached the highest value with 2.0 mg/mL ZnSO4·7H2O and 0.1 mg/mL CuSO4·5H2O.The fitting degrees of kinetic models of vitamin E accumulation and cell growth were 97.53% and 95.60%,respectively,which indicated good nonlinear relationships.[Conclusion] Both copper and zinc could affect the accumulation of vitamin E in wheat germ callus,and Copper showed more prominent effect than Zn.Synergism existed in low copper and zinc concentration,and the inhibitive effect enhanced with the increase of the concentrations.

Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate on Plant Growth Development and Absorption of Phosphorus and Zinc in Corn Seedlings

Using pot experiment to study the effect of new fertilizer ammonium polyphosphate on plant growth and uptake of phosphorus and zinc in corn seedlings. The results showed that under the conditions of equal phosphate fertilizer application, ammonium polyphosphate added to phosphate fertilizer could significantly improve the plant height and stem diameter of corn seedlings after sowed for 60 days, while improved biomass of corn overground part and roots and root shoot ratio. When the ratio of ammonium polyphosphate and diammonium phosphate was 2：1 （available phosphorus ratio）, the effect was the best. Ammonium polyphosphate had little effect on the phosphorus content of overground part of corn seedlings, but increased the phosphorus cumulant. In addition, ammonium polyphosphate applica- tion significantly improved the zinc concentration and zinc cumulant of corn over- ground part and roots. The results showed that ammonium polyphosphate had bet- ter bioavailability, meanwhile promoted the absorption of microelement zinc in crops.

Effects of Zn^(2+) and Cu^(2+) on loach ovaries and ova development

This study compared the accumulation of Zn2+and Cu2+in the ovaries and ova of loaches under different concentrations of Zn2+(1.00, 2.50 and 5.00 mg/L respectively) and Cu2+(0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L respectively). The results showed that both Zn2+and Cu2+accumulated in the ovaries, and that the relationship between accumulation and time was linear over 20 days of exposure. The accumulation of the metals in ovaries was closely related to the concentration of exposure in the solutions(P<0.05), and was obviously affected by the time and doses. However, the Cu2+concentration was significantly higher than Zn2+(P<0.05). The development level of ova in the ovaries also correlated with the concentration and exposure period in the Zn2+and Cu2+solutions.

Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation in Maize Grain as Affected by Cultivars and Chemical Fixation Amendments

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil amendments(lime,nano-Si foliar solution and used diatomite) on the growth and metal uptake of three maize(Zea mays L.) cultivars grown in a Cd and Zn-contaminated acidic soil.The addition of lime significantly increased the maize grain yields and decreased the concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grains and shoots of maize when compared with the control.Among the three maize cultivars,Yunshi-5 accumulated the lowest amounts of Cd and Zn in the grain.The concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grain of Yunshi-5 conformed to the Chinese feed standards.These data revealed that a combination of low metal-accumulating maize and chemical fixation could effectively provide a barrier to prevent metals from entering the human food chain.

Growth,Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation of Ornamental Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Contaminated Soil with Different Amendments

Use of ornamental plants for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil is a new option. A pot experiment was carried out to assess the effect of application of amendments, i.e., swine manure, salicylic acid （SA） and potassium chloride （KC1）, on the growth, uptake and translocation of cadmium （Cd） and zinc （Zn） of ornamental sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.） grown on a contaminated soil. The three amendments increased sunflower height, flower diameter, and biomass. Manure significantly decreased Cd and Zn concentrations in sunflower, and thus decreased the bioaccumulation coefficient （BCF） of Cd and Zn. However, using of KC1 markedly increased Cd concentrations in sunflower and the BCF of Cd. Additionally, both swine manure and KC1 application increased Cd and Zn translocation from root to aboveground part. Swine manure and salicylic acid reduced the Cd/Zn ratios in flower of sunflower, while KC1 significantly increased the Cd/Zn ratios. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the Cd/Zn ratio in the root of sunflower was affected by K/Na ratio in root and soil available potassium （K） concentration. Ornamental sunflower could be grown as an alternative plant in the Cd- and Zn-contaminated soil with KC1 application to get the balance between environmental and economic interests.