深部煤矿巷道锚固体锚杆协同支护试验研究

针对深部巷道锚固体锚杆协同支护效应,研究了2根锚杆锚固体和4根锚杆锚固体下试样破坏过程中的力学参数,同时观测了破坏过程中试样的声发射特征,得到“合理的锚杆密度可以有效地提高试样的抗压强度以及残余强度,本实验中锚杆数为2时的锚固体协同率最大,试样的承载能力最大”的结论.

Anchoring effect and energy-absorbing support mechanism of large deformation bolt

To research the anchoring effect of large deformation bolt,tensile and drawing models are established.Then,the evolution laws of drawing force,bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress are analyzed.Additionally,the influence of structure element position on the anchoring effect of large deformation bolt is discussed.At last,the energy-absorbing support mechanism is discussed.Results show that during the drawing process of normal bolt,drawing force,bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress all gradually increase as increasing the drawing displacement,but when the large deformation bolt enters the structural deformation stage,these three values will keep stable;when the structure element of large deformation bolt approaches the drawing end,the fluctuation range of drawing force decreases,the distributions of bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress of anchorage section are steady and the increasing rate of interfacial shear stress decreases,which are advantageous for keeping the stress stability of the anchorage body.During the working process of large deformation bolt,the strain of bolt body is small,the working resistance is stable and the distributions of bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress are steady.When a rock burst event occurs,the bolt and bonding interface cannot easily break,which weakens the dynamic disaster degree.

ANALYSIS ON INCREMENTAL COHESION OF SURROUNDING ROCK DUE TO PRESTRESSED CABLE ANCHOR

A new method for determining the incremental cohesion △Cm of surrounding rock due to prestressed cable anchor is presented, and the formulas for △Cm are deduced and △Cm distributions also are discussed, based on the two anchorage effects, one is the effect with the prestressed vaIue △σ3 of cable anchor improving the stress state of surrounding rock and increasing the surrounding rock strength, the other is the fully encapsulated effect. The determined incremental cohesion △Cm is subiected to the model test and field measurement in the references, and coincides well with those tested results. The formulas for △Cm can be used in designing supoport parameters and related numerical analyses of prestressed cable anchor.

深埋隧道软弱围岩稳定性分析及其锚固控制研究

近年来,随着我国地下基础设施的蓬勃发展,进入大规模地修建地铁项目阶段,城市之间的高铁项目如火如荼地建设中,同时采矿工程不断深入和大型水利工程的修建等。在这些建设过程中,常出现开挖后围岩的失稳破坏而发生塌方,特别是深埋条件下具有强度低、大变形特点的围岩失稳问题尤为突出。因此,开挖后软弱围岩稳定性分析及其加固控制对隧道工程设计和安全施工具有重要的意义。目前,对围岩的力学理论及应用研究取得了一定的成果,但是仍然跟不上现有的隧道工程建设,出现了理论研究明显落后于施工经验的局面,导致频频发生工程事故,究其原因是对开挖隧道后围岩变形特性的认识不足,缺乏及时加固控制的意识。本研究针对这些问题,以开挖隧道后围岩的塑性区力学状态和位移变形为基础,采用理论分析、室内试验和数值模拟等相结合的方式系统研究了开挖隧洞后围岩变形破坏的力学本质,揭示了围岩破坏后塑性区内的力学参数和位移的演化过程,探讨了深埋隧道围岩破坏的渐进性过程及锚杆锚固机制。完成的主要研究工作和成果总结如下:(1)从隧洞开挖后周边围岩的应力状态发生内力重分布为出发点,提出了应变软化模型下围岩的弹塑性有限差分解法,比较不同方法计算结果验证该方法的正确性,参数分析结果表明:剪胀特性对隧道洞壁处围岩的位移和塑性区半径影响较大,需要重点考虑岩体的剪胀性;临界软化系数对围岩的塑性区半径和残余区半径的影响较大;H-B屈服准则中"a"强度参数对判断围岩的稳定性具有重要影响,在计算过程中谨慎取值,建议采用广义H-B屈服准则;基于圆筒理论的弹性应变公式,同样适用于开挖隧道后应变软化围岩的稳定性分析中。(2)针对围岩的剪胀性和应变软化随围压变化的特性,根据剪胀性和应变软化是否考虑围压变化,建立不同的剪胀模型组合,探究了不同质量岩体的力学参数对塑性区围压变化的依赖性。研究结果表明,根据不同质量岩体塑性区内的力学参数对围压的依赖性不同,由于质量较好岩体的围压依赖性较低,建议采用剪胀角和临界软化系数均为固定的剪胀模型,但是质量较差岩体的围压依赖性较强,建议采用剪胀角和临界软化系数均随围压变化的剪胀模型。(3)基于统一强度理论,考虑中间主应力对应变软化围岩稳定性的影响,揭示了中间主应力对围岩特征曲线、纵向位移曲线和塑性区内非线性剪胀性的影响规律。结果表明,围岩稳定性研究的力学模型对分析结果影响较大,弹塑性模型未考虑围岩材料强度的弱化,计算结果偏小,不建议采用;中间主应力可以有效抑制塑性区半径和隧道洞壁处位移的发展,充分发挥围岩承载潜力,不考虑中间主应力效应的莫尔库伦强度准则,计算结果保守,可适当考虑围岩的承载潜力,而双剪强度准则计算结果偏小,不建议采用;纵向塑性发展上,考虑中间主应力的围岩在隧道掘进方向上的位移收敛速度增加,可以适当推迟支护结构施加的时间;对于塑性区内剪胀角变化的影响,中间主应力系数和临界软化系数分别体现在剪胀峰值和剪胀角的变化率上。(4)通过室内模型试验和FLAC3D数值模拟,再现了开挖隧洞后毛洞,施加短锚杆和长锚杆工况下IV级围岩的渐进性破坏过程和研究了锚杆对围岩的锚固效应。开挖隧洞后围岩的渐进性破坏顺序是边墙处的围岩首先发生剪切破坏,随后拱腰处剪切破坏,最后拱顶塌陷破坏;施加锚杆后的围岩,特别是拱顶部分围岩由于锚杆的加固作用形成了"加强梁"的作用,使得拱顶所能承受的最大沉降及其破坏荷载显著增加;锚杆的长度需要穿过拱顶塑性松动区(塑性残余区),否则,被锚固的围岩与上部未被锚固的围岩之间存在"分层"现象;锚杆可以显著改变围岩内部径向应力,表现在锚杆末端处围岩的径向应力增加。(5)锚杆通过与围岩之间的相互作用,其末端的锚固段将洞壁附近拉拔段的围岩"紧箍"起来使得洞壁处周边围岩变形减小;锚杆两端剪应力较大,特别是锚杆末端,应防止锚杆末端的剪应力较大超过砂浆与锚杆之间剪切强度而发生脱落;锚杆施作时机对锚杆应力分布和围岩变形控制影响较大,需要及时施作锚杆以达到较好的锚固效果,以免无效锚固;锚杆对具有大变形和弹性模量小的软弱围岩锚固效果较好,而对质量较好、弹性模量较大的硬岩锚固效果并不显著。