钾肥强化植物间作修复镉锌污染土壤效应研究

小麦间作伴矿景天是一种原位绿色、边生产边修复重金属污染土壤的有效方式,施用钾肥是保障小麦增产的主要措施之一。为了研究不同类型和用量的钾肥对小麦间作伴矿景天修复镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)污染土壤的强化效果,采用室外盆栽试验方法,以不施钾肥为对照处理,研究了不同类型钾肥(氯化钾、硫酸钾)及施用量(50、100 mg·kg^(-1)和200 mg·kg^(-1),以K2O计)对土壤pH和Cd、Zn含量、小麦和伴矿景天幼苗生物量及其Cd、Zn积累量的影响。结果表明:相较于对照处理,施用氯化钾和硫酸钾均能降低土壤pH,且施用量增至200 mg·kg^(-1)时土壤pH值降幅最大,分别降低了0.322和0.411。氯化钾和硫酸钾对土壤有效态Cd、Zn含量的提升效果均随施用量的提高而增强,均提高了小麦幼苗与伴矿景天生物量并促进了对Cd、Zn的积累。施用钾肥后,土壤Cd的去除率在15.1%~23.8%,土壤Zn的去除率在1.75%~4.70%。研究表明,施用钾肥均对小麦间作伴矿景天修复土壤Cd、Zn污染具有良好的强化效应,且氯化钾施用量200 mg·kg^(-1)的修复效果优于其他处理。

石灰泥炭对镉铅锌污染土壤上小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了在镉、铅、锌污染土壤上,石灰和泥炭对小白菜生长状况及对污染元素(Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ)和养分元素(Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃｕ,Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ)吸收的影响。结果表明,石灰消除了重金属的毒害症状．显著促进小白菜的生长、显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收。石灰对氮、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。泥炭对小白菜生长的改善效果及对铜、铅、锌吸收的抑制效果较石灰差。提高酸性土壤ｐＨ值是减少作物对重金属吸收的有效方法。

农业废弃生物质盐浸提液淋洗镉锌污染土壤

为了寻找成本低廉、环境友好、高效的重金属Cd和Zn淋洗剂,选取雅安市汉源县矿区污染土壤作为供试土壤,采用浓度0.3%KCl盐溶液提取金针菇菌渣(FVr)、茶树菇菌渣(AAr)、花生壳(AHL)和甘蔗皮(SOr)4种农业废弃生物质材料所得浸提液作为淋洗剂,通过恒温振荡淋洗实验探讨上述淋洗剂不同浓度、pH和时间条件下对污染土壤中镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)的淋洗效果。结果表明,4种生物质材料盐浸提液对Cd的淋洗率依次为FVr> SOr> AHL> AAr;对Zn的淋洗率则依次为SOr> FVr> AHL> AAr。随浓度上升,除FVr盐浸提液对土壤Cd和Zn的淋洗率呈线性增加外,其余盐浸提液对其淋洗率呈幂函数增长趋势。随pH增加,FVr和AAr、AHL和SOr盐浸提液对Cd和Zn的淋洗率分别呈对数、幂函数下降趋势(P<0.01)。随淋洗时间延长,4种生物质盐浸提液对土壤Cd和Zn的淋洗率变化均呈对数增加趋势(P<0.01)。综合淋洗率和土壤性质的变化,FVr与SOr盐浸提液在浓度为7%,pH为3的条件下持续振荡淋洗1 h可达到最佳淋洗效果,其对Cd的淋洗率分别为76.38%和49.54%;对Zn的淋洗率分别为29.24%和30.75%。FVr和SOr是具有一定潜力的重金属污染土壤修复生物质材料。

锌镉污染区植物根际与非根际土壤微生物区系研究

本文研究锌镉污染的区植物根际与非根际土壤微生物区系,为污染土壤生物修复提供理论基础。现场采样和室内培养分析的结果表明,污染区内土壤重金属锌镉含量大大超过土壤环境质量标准。植物根际土壤中锌镉含量低于非根际土壤锌镉含量,污染区根际与非根际土壤微生物区系组成发生了明显变化,土壤三大类微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量均显著降低。微生物数量与土壤全锌、镉都呈显著的负相关,锌对微生物的抑制作用比镉显著。

真菌LP-20对金属矿土壤镉锌的固定化作用研究

采用真菌分离纯化的方法从某重金属污染土壤中筛选分离出一株能够耐受并吸附二价镉、锌离子（Cd（Ⅱ）、Zn（Ⅱ））的真菌菌株LP-20。考察不同修复时间以及土壤p H值对固定化效率的影响。固定化效率以反应前后的镉锌有效态含量（利用TCLP提取液提取法测定）变化衡量。根据ITS（Internal transcribed spacer）r RNA基因测序结果,菌株LP-20属于Trichoderma spirale。LP-20对于Cd（Ⅱ）的固定效果普遍优于Zn（Ⅱ）,并且对Cd（Ⅱ）的固定时间（10 d）少于对Zn（Ⅱ）的固定时间（20 d）。LP-20对于Cd（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的固定作用的最适宜p H范围为3~5。发现能够对土壤中镉锌离子具有良好固定化效果的真菌菌株对于发展土壤重金属污染的原位无毒无害化治理技术具有重要的实际意义。

不同混种比例对白三叶和香根草锌镉富集的影响

通过人工控制性盆栽试验研究在锌镉复合污染条件下,白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)和香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)混种比例为白三叶单作(A),7∶1(B),3∶1(C),5∶3(D),1∶1(E),3∶5(F),1∶3(G),1∶7(H),香根草单作(I)时,2种植物对锌镉的富集效果。结果表明,随着白三叶比例减小、香根草比例增加,2种植物的锌镉积累量、富集系数、转运系数均呈先增加后减小趋势,且受不同混种比例影响显著。当混种比例为白∶香=3∶5时,白三叶和香根草地上部分对锌积累量最高,分别达548.11,535.34mg/kg,对锌富集系数分别为2.19,2.30,转运系数为1.04,1.08。当混种比例为白∶香=5∶3时,白三叶和香根草地上部分对镉积累量最高,分别达42.14,47.52mg/kg,对镉富集系数分别为1.40,1.58,转运系数均为0.99。当混种比例为白∶香=1∶1时,香根草对锌、镉的转运系数达最大,分别为1.09,1.06;白三叶对锌、镉的转运系数也达最大,分别为1.08,1.01。由此认为,混种比例为D、E、F时,白三叶和香根草对锌镉复合污染土壤具有较好的修复效果,但富集特性有所不同,在运用中可根据需要选择这3种混种比例。

Zn、Cd单一及复合污染对黑麦草根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响

采用根袋土培试验,研究了锌、镉单一及复合污染对重金属富集植物黑麦草生长、锌镉积累、根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响.结果表明,锌镉共存下(8 mmol/kg Zn+2 mmol/kg Cd),黑麦草对锌、镉的吸收为协同效应;仅镉污染时(2 mmol/kg Cd),镉对植株吸收锌为抑制效应.黑麦草吸收的锌、镉主要集中在地上部,以锌、镉复合污染时植株地上部对锌、镉的富集量最大,分别达到3 108.72、73.97 mg/kg,具有作为土壤重金属锌、镉污染植物修复材料的潜力.根际的松结合态锌、镉(交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态)含量大于其非根际的松结合态锌、镉含量.Cd污染和Zn、Cd复合污染的根际和非根际土壤镉形态均以交换态>碳酸盐结合态>铁锰结合态>残渣态>有机结合态.Zn污染及Zn、Cd复合污染根际和非根际土壤各锌形态以铁锰结合态>碳酸盐结合态>残渣态>有机结合态>交换态,而Cd污染的根际和非根际的锌形态则以残渣态>铁锰结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态.Zn、Cd污染促进了黑麦草根系氨基酸的分泌,降低了根际土壤的pH值,以Zn、Cd复合污染根际土壤氨基酸总量最大,分别为对照、Zn和Cd污染的1.95、1.54和1.40倍,根际土壤的pH值最低(5.18).根际氨基酸含量在重金属胁迫下明显增加,可能与黑麦草适应重金属胁迫有关.根际pH值高于非根际是根际Zn、Cd有效性大于非根际的重要原因.

骨炭和硫化钠联用修复镉-锌污染土壤

以湖南东江湖矿渣堆场土壤为研究对象,利用骨炭-硫化钠组合制剂修复矿区镉锌污染土壤,目的是探讨组合制剂修复重金属镉-锌复合污染土壤效果.采用美国固体废弃物毒性浸出程序（TCLP）评价修复效果,并对最佳处理组采用改进的BCR形态分析法进行分析.结果表明,与对照相比,骨炭-硫化钠使土壤中TCLP浸提态Cd和Zn分别降低了15.88％ ～ 58.82％和7.91％ ～ 73.60％,同时土壤pH提高了0.26～3.00个单位,且当投加4％骨炭和2％硫化钠时对土壤中镉和锌稳定效果达最佳;最优处理组镉的酸可提取态下降了4.8％ ～11.5％,锌的酸可提取态下降了4.3％～12.7％.因此,骨炭-硫化钠组合制剂能有效修复镉锌复合污染土壤.

Growth Response and Metal Accumulation of Sedum alfredii to Cd/Zn Complex-Polluted Ion Levels

Sedum alfredii Hance has been identified as a new Zn-hyperaccumulator native to China. In this study, responses and metal accumulation of S alfredii were examined under Zn/Cd complex polluted conditions. The results showed that optimal growth of S alfredii in terms of the maximum dry matter yield was observed at Zn/Cd complex level of 500/100 mumol/L. Plant cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn) concentrations increased with increasing Cd or Zn supply. During the 20 d treatment, the highest Cd concentration in the leaves reached 12.1 g/kg at Zn/Cd level of 50/400 mumol/L and that of Zn in the stems was 23.2 g/kg at Zn/Cd level of 1000/50 mumol/L. The distribution of Cd in different plant parts decreased in the order: leaf > stem greater than or equal to root, whereas that of Zn was: stem > leaf greater than or equal to root. The accumulation of Cd and Zn in the shoots and roots of S. alfredii increased with the increasing of Zn/Cd supply levels, peaked at Zn/Cd levels of 250/400 and 500/100 mumol/L, respectively. The highest Cd and Zn uptake by the shoots was approximately 5 and 11 mg/plant, and was over 20 and 10 times higher than those in the roots, respectively. Zn supply at levels less than or equal to 500 mumol/L increased plant Cd concentrations, whereas high Zn supply decreased root Cd but did not affect leaf Cd concentrations in S alfredii Low Cd supply increased Zn concentration in the leaves, but Cd supply higher than 50 mumol/L considerably reduced root Zn concentrations, especially at low Zn level. These results indicate that S. alfredii can tolerate high Zn/Cd complex levels and has an extraordinary ability to hyperaccumulate not only Zn but also Cd. It could provide a new valuable plant material for understanding the mechanisms responsible for co-hyperaccumulation of Zn and Cd as well as for phytoremediation of the Cd/Zn complex polluted soils.

Effects of Red Mud on the Remediation of Pb, Zn and Cd in Heavy Metal Contaminated Paddy Soil

[Objective] To study the remediation efficiency of red mud on Pb, Zn and Cd in the heavy metal contaminated paddy soil of mine area, to clarify its remediation mechanism and fertilizer efficiency on heavy metal contaminated soil. [Method] The soil incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of red mud on the pH values and electrical conductivity （EC）, and the remediation efficiency of red mud on lead （Pb）, zinc （Zn） and cadmium （Cd） in heavy metal contaminated soil. [Result] Red mud addition reduced the content of exchangeable Pb, Zn and Cd in the soil significantly. Compared with the control, when incubated for 30, 60 and 90 d with the red mud dosage of 4% （W/W）, the exchangeable Pb content was decreased by 39.25%, 41.38% and 50.19%; exchangeable Zn content was decreased by 49.26%, 57.32% and 47.16%; and exchangeable Cd content was decreased by 19.53%, 24.06% and 25.70%, respectively. The application of red mud had significant impact on the share of Pb, Zn and Cd contents in five forms, and different amounts of red mud application all reduced the proportion of exchangeable Pb, Zn and Cd to the total Pb, Zn and Cd. In addition, the proportion of exchangeable Pb, Zn and Cd to total Pb, Zn and Cd decreased with the increasing amount of red mud addition. [Conclusion] The study provided references for reasonable application of red mud and reduction of heavy metal pollution in paddy soil.

Effect of Amendments on Growth and Element Uptake of Pakchoi in a Cadmium, Zinc and Lead Contaminated Soil

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of two amendments, limeand calcium magnesium phosphate, on the growth and Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mu, Fe, N, P and K uptake ofpakchoi (Brassica chinensis) in a Cd, Pb and Zn polluted acid soil in the southern part of China.The growth of pakchoi was apparently improved by lime and calcium magnesium phosphate application,the uptake of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn by pakchoi was significantly depressed and the symptom caused byheavy metals pollution was eliminated. Meanwhile, the absorption of N, K and Mn was also inhibitedby these amendments. Soil pH was the main factor controlling the uptake of the heavy metals bypakchoi. This suggests that lime and calcium magnesium phosphate could be used as effectiveamendments for eliminating the toxicity of heavy metals to the vegetable and inhibiting theirabsorption by the crop.

Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Potassium Behavior in Typic Udic Ferrisol

The indirect influence of heavy metal contamination of soil on nutrient availability, an important aspect of soil quality, may need to be taken into consideration when determining overall effects of heavy metals. A laboratory experiment was performed to study the effects of combined pollution of Cu, Ph, Zn and Cd on soil K status as indicated by chemical fractions, adsorption-desorption and quantity/intensity (Q/I) relationship of K in a Typic Udic Ferrisol (generally called red soil), by employing uniform design and single factor design. Compared to the control, content of exchangeable K was decreased, but that of soluble K increased in the samples contaminated with heavy metals. Due to heavy metal pollution, potassium adsorption was reduced by 5% to 22%, whereas the desorption percentage of adsorbed K increased by 2% to 32%. The Q/I curves shifted downward, potassium buffering capacity (PBCK) decreased, and equilibrium activity ratio values (ARoK) increased with increasing heavy metal pollution. These influences followed the sequences of Ph>Cu>Zn and combined pollution>single one. Displacement of K from canon exchange sites and decrease in soil CEC due to heavy metals should be responsible for the changes of soil K behaviours. The findings suggest that heavy metal pollution of soil might aggravate the degradation of soil K fertility by decreasing K adsorption and buffering capacity and increasing desorption.

Effect of Heavy Metals on Phosphorus Retention by Typic Udic Ferrisols: Equilibrium and Kinetics

A study was conducted to examine the effect of heavy metals (Cu,Pb, Zn and Cd in combination or alone) on the equilibrium andkinetics of phosphorus (P) retention in typic udic ferrisols by usingboth equilibrium and flow techniques. Fourteen soil samples withvarying artificial contamination of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were prepared.Heavy metal pollution led to increases in retention capacity andmaximum buffering capacity (MBC) of soil P. The rate of P retentionwas also increased and the time to reach equilibrium was advanced byheavy metals addition.

Characteristics of Some Heavy Metals in Acid Sulfate Topsoils, Eastern Australia

Forty-five acid sulfate topsoil samples (depth < 0.5 m) from 15 soil cores at 11 locations along the New South Wales coast, Australia, were selected to investigate the chemical behavior of Zn, Mn, Cr, Co and Pb in these soils. The amount of HCI-extractable Mn was much smaller than the mean value of the total Mn documented for other soils. This may be attributed to enhanced mobilization of Mn from the soils under the extremely acidic and seasonally flooded conditions encountered in the investigated soils. The pH-dependency of soluble Zn and Mn was strongly affected by the availability of acid reactive Zn and Mn compounds. There were fairly good relationships between soluble Zn and acid reactive Zn compounds, and between soluble Mn and acid reactive Mn compounds. Soluble Zn and soluble Mn concentrations were important controls on exchangeable Zn and Mn concentrations, respectively. In contrast to the suggestion by other authors that adsorption of Co was closely associated with Mn oxides present in soils, the exchangeable Co in the investigated acid sulfate soils was not clearly related to the abundance of Mn minerals. In addition to the fact that there are few Mn minerals present in the soils, this might also be because the availability of canon exchange sites on the crystal surfaces of Mn oxides was reduced under extremely acidic conditions.

Growth,Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation of Ornamental Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Contaminated Soil with Different Amendments

Use of ornamental plants for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil is a new option. A pot experiment was carried out to assess the effect of application of amendments, i.e., swine manure, salicylic acid （SA） and potassium chloride （KC1）, on the growth, uptake and translocation of cadmium （Cd） and zinc （Zn） of ornamental sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.） grown on a contaminated soil. The three amendments increased sunflower height, flower diameter, and biomass. Manure significantly decreased Cd and Zn concentrations in sunflower, and thus decreased the bioaccumulation coefficient （BCF） of Cd and Zn. However, using of KC1 markedly increased Cd concentrations in sunflower and the BCF of Cd. Additionally, both swine manure and KC1 application increased Cd and Zn translocation from root to aboveground part. Swine manure and salicylic acid reduced the Cd/Zn ratios in flower of sunflower, while KC1 significantly increased the Cd/Zn ratios. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the Cd/Zn ratio in the root of sunflower was affected by K/Na ratio in root and soil available potassium （K） concentration. Ornamental sunflower could be grown as an alternative plant in the Cd- and Zn-contaminated soil with KC1 application to get the balance between environmental and economic interests.