关于新疆农业高效节水灌溉技术长效利用的研究

新疆地区气候干燥,降水比较少。作为我国西北内陆干旱地区,其日照比较强烈,具有很大的蒸发量。近些年,随着地区经济的发展,水资源需求量逐渐提高。因新疆的水资源结构没有很均衡,可以开发利用的水资源量比较少,很难对全区人民生活以及工农业生产需求加以满足。而对农业高效节水灌溉技术加以运用,便属于推进新疆水利现代化建设进程的必然要求,能够有效解决当地水资源短缺的问题,促进地区农业发展,推进新疆节水型社会的构建。基于此,本文主要阐述新疆地区运用农业高效节水灌溉技术的意义,对新疆农业高效节水灌溉技术的发展现状进行分析,并深层次探究新疆农业高效节水灌溉技术的长效利用策略,旨在通过强化对该技术的运用,对新疆地区农业用水量高以及水资源开发不当等问题加以解决,推进农业的现代化发展。

农业节水灌溉技术的长效利用机制分析

农业用水效率提升的关键措施是在农业上实施高效节水灌溉技术,这不仅是推动农业水资源管理优化的核心路径,还深刻影响着区域经济的可持续发展。本文分析了我国农业节水灌溉技术的发展现状,探讨了影响农业高效节水灌溉技术长效利用的多种因素,并针对不同区域特性提出了节水灌溉技术长效利用的对策建议。

国外数字资源长期保存和长效利用研究进展

随着信息技术的发展,数字资源成为人类知识信息传播与利用的主要形式。数字资源的长期保存和长效利用日益成为国际上关注的战略焦点。论文阐述了国际组织联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)、国际图联(IFLA)、英国数字保存联盟(DPC)等的数字保存研究及其实践活动,介绍了美国、英国、澳大利亚和荷兰等国家图书馆的数字保存项目及研究进展,分析了国际背景下数字保存的变化发展趋势,涉及国家图书馆的主导作用,协同合作的全球化,第三方保存的发展,知识产权和存档权的变化以及保存时间和保存内容的变化等,并提出我国应借鉴国外成功经验,进一步加强数字资源长期保存和长效利用体系建设,确保数字资源长期、稳定、可持续地为科研人员获取和利用。

大型灌区骨干工程长效利用与管理体制改革探讨

如何确保大型灌区骨干工程长效利用,建后管理是关键。通过分析我国灌区管理体制改革的重要性及其特点、问题,应用水管理形态理论指出我国灌区目前管理体制为计划经济下的统制型。在分析借鉴日本经验的同时,提出未来实行信托型管理的设想。

农业高效节水灌溉技术的长效利用机制探析

农业高效节水灌溉是提高农业用水效率的重要途径,也是促进区域经济社会可持续发展的重大战略。文章阐述了我国农业节水灌溉技术的发展现状,分析了农业高效节水灌技术长效利用的影响因素集;同时,对分区域高效节水灌溉技术长效利用重要影响因素的确定进行了介绍与探讨;最后,提出了推进区域农业高效节水灌溉技术长效利用的对策与建议。

农业节水灌溉工程长效利用机制探析

节水灌溉工程因经济社会效益显著,节水效果明显,成为优化水资源配置的重要工程措施。以沈阳市下辖灌区现状及存在问题为切入点,通过构建分析影响因素集合对灌区农业节水灌溉工程长效利用机制进行分析。经分析,沈阳灌区普遍存在配套标准低、渠系建筑物老化、衬砌破损等现象,要素禀赋、用水户特征、技术应用和政策制度是影响节水工程长期高效运行的关键因素,提出确定长效机制建立框架、改革节水灌溉管理体制、完善资金保障的措施加以改善。

如何确保灌区骨干工程长效利用

如何确保灌区骨干工程长效利用，建后管理是关键。通过分析灌区管理体制改革的重要性及其特点、问题，应用水管理形态理论，指出灌区目前管理体制，为计划经济下的统制型提出未来实行信托型管理的设想。

浅谈如何确保灌区骨干工程的长效利用之我见

如何确保灌区骨干工程长效利用,建后管理是关键。通过分析灌区管理体制改革的重要性及其特点、问题,应用水管理形态理论,指出灌区目前管理体制,为计划经济下的统制型提出未来实行信托型管理的设想。

浅议灌区骨干工程长效利用与管理体制改革

确保灌区骨干工程长效利用,建后管理是关键。通过分析灌区管理体制改革的重要性及其特点、问题及水管理方式,指出灌区目前管理体制,为计划经济下形成的统制型管理方式,提出未来实行市场化管理的设想。

对灌区骨干工程长效利用与管理体制改革的探讨

如何确保灌区骨干工程长效利用,建后管理是关键。通过分析灌区管理体制改革的重要性及其特点、问题,应用水管理形态理论,指出灌区目前管理体制,为计划经济下的统制型提出未来实行信托型管理的设想。

心房利钠利尿肽原不同肽段的生物学效应及其相互作用

心房利钠利尿肽原(pro-atrial natriuretic peptide,proANP)在蛋白水解酶corin的作用下分解为众多小分子片段,包括氨基端前体片段(NT-proANP)、长效利钠利尿肽(long-acting natriuretic peptide,LANP)、血管舒张肽(vessel dilator)、利钾利尿肽(kaliuretic peptide,KP)、尿舒血管素(urodilatin)和羧基端的心房利钠利尿肽(atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP)等。近年发现这些活性片段不仅各自具有相对独立的生物学效应,而且相互作用,形成复杂的调节网络,在机体稳态维持中具有重要的生理和病理生理意义。

Response of Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat to Whole Season CO_2 Enrichment and Drought

Whole_growing season pot experiments were conducted to examine the response of growth and water use efficiency ( WUE ) of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gaoyuan 602) to CO 2 enrichment. Wheat plants were grown in open_top chambers (OTCs) subject to two concentrations of CO 2 ()(350 and 700 μL/L, hereafter 'ambient' and 'elevated' respectively) and three soil water levels (80%, 60% and 40% field water capacity ( FWC ), hereafter 'high soil moisture', 'medium soil moisture' and 'low soil moisture' respectively). Elevated CO 2 greatly increased leaf net photosynthesis ( Pn ) at all three soil water levels. The Pn of plants growing under elevated was 22% lower than that of plants growing at ambient when measured with the same (700 μL/L). Plant growth was enhanced by elevated throughout the growing season, with an increase of 14.8% in shoot dry weight at harvest under high soil moisture, and leaf area was increased by about 20% at all three soil water levels. Elevated in combination with high soil moisture increased the ratio of plant shoot dry weight to height by 15.7%, while this ratio was decreased by over 50% when plants were subject to drought. Elevated also increased the water use efficiency of wheat, mainly due to decreases in transpiration and cumulative consumption of water, and an increase in shoot dry weight, with the biggest value of 30% occurring at high soil water moisture level. Compared to high soil moisture, drought decreased shoot dry weight by 72% under ambient , and by 76% under elevated . Similarly, drought also reduced WUE by 19% under ambient , and 23% under elevated . Our results indicate that: (1) elevated can increase the photosynthetic rates, growth and WUE of wheat plants; (2) long_term exposure to high may result in lower photosynthetic capacity; (3) high stimulates plants lateral growth more than vertical growth; (4) the effects of CO 2 enrichment on plants depend on soil water status, with plants benefiting more from CO 2 enrichment if sufficient water is supplied; and (5) drought may cause relatively more reduction in plant growth and WUE under future elevated conditions.

Effects of a New Long-term Controlled-release Fertilizer on Growth and Development and Yield of Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to select the optimal amount of controlled-release fertilizer and provide theoretical references for controlled-release fertilizers use in summer maize. [Method] Long-term controlled-release fertilizers were applied once at sowing summer maize to explore effects on maize growth, yield, economic profits and environment. [Result] Maize yield reduced a little in the treatment group with 60% CRF, and increased in varying degrees in the rest groups in the range of 1.1%-7.4%, and some showed significant differences. [Conclusion] Controlled-release fertilizers can be applied once at the amount of 80% common fertilizer＇s, with con- sideration of maize yield, nitrogen use rate and economic profits, which is beneficial for summer maize application and promotion in North China.

Response of seedlings of different tree species to elevated CO_2 in Changbai Mountain

Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.

Effects of Dairy Cattle Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Fertility of Soils Grown with Cichorium intybus

[Objective] The aim was to explore recycling utilization of manure of dairy cattle through returning of manures into fields. [Method] Effects of dairy cattle ma- nure and chemical fertilizer on fertility of soils grown with Cichorium intybus were in- vestigated through a pot experiment. [Result] After manure of dairy cattle was ap- plied, it can be concluded that organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable ni- trogen, available P, activities of urease and invertase in soils increased by 0.14-1.28 times, 43.8%-79.7%, 17.4%-30.8%, 147%-188%, 7 times, 17.2%-38.5%, and 1.36%- 3.34%, respectively. Furthermore, organic matter, total N. urease and invertase activi- ties in group of M7F3 increased most; total P and available P achieved the best in group of M3F7. These indicated that the applied manures of dairy cattle would maintain and improve soil fertility, providing better soils for Cichorium intybus. [Conclusion] The research provides reference for recycling of cattle manures and construction of ecological cyclical pattern of ＂grass planting-cattle breeding-methane fermentation-returning of manures into fields＂.

Growth Responses of Wheat Cultivars to Rock Phosphate in Hydroponics

Screening cultivars to grow under conditions of low phosphorus (P) availability and utilize P efficiently from compounds of low solubility in soils may be beneficial to overcome poor plant growth in P-deficient soils. The growth behavior and P utilization efficiency of seven wheat cultivars grown in hydroponics were studied, using rock phosphate as P source. The wheat cultivars grown for 30 days were significantly different in biomass accumulation, P uptake and P utilization efficiency. The dry matter production of all the cultivars was significantly correlated with P uptake, which in turn correlated to the drop in the root medium pH. The ranking of wheat cultivars on the basis of dry matter yield, P uptake and P utilization efficiency was Zamindar 80 > Yecora > C 271 > WL 711 > Barani 83 > PARI 73 > Rohtas. The cultivar Zamindar 80 appeared to possess the best growth potential in P-deficient soils.

Effect of Drip Irrigation Intervals and Some Antitranspirants on the Water Status, Growth and Yield of Potato （Solanum tuberosum L,）

In order to reduce the quantity of water applied by irrigation, increase the water use efficiency and determine the appropriate period for irrigation potato crop, a field experiment was implemented at vegetables field, Department of Plant Production, Agriculture Technical College, Mosul, Iraq, during spring season of 2014. This study involved four irrigation intervals （3, 4, 5 and 6 d） under drip irrigation system, with spraying by five antitranspirant substances （control, kaolin 5 g/L, MgCO3 3 g/L, liquid paraffin 2% and Nu-film 17 1%）, which subjected in a factorial experiment within split plot system in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that increasing irrigation intervals from 3 d to 6 d decreased the total water content of the leaves from 83.59% to 81.81%, the rate of relative transpiration from 0.174% to 0.162%, stomata area from 1.620 lam2/stomata to 0.921 ~m2/stomata, plant yield from 542.22 g to 425.80 g, total yield of tubers from 25.808 tons/ha to 20.253 tons/ha and marketable yield of tubers from 24.471 tons/ha to 18.822 tons/ha, whereas caused an increase in the leaf water deficit from 19.19% to 23.86% and water use efficiency from 8.63 kg/m3 to 13.32 kg/m3. Spraying potato plants with liquid paraffin 2% led to the highest total water content 83.37%, stomata area 1.466 ~tm2/stomata, the lowest relative transpiration 0.152%, the lowest leaf water deficit 20.33%, the highest plant yield 509.22 g, total yield 24.236 tons/ha, marketable yield 22.770 tons/ha and water use efficiency I 1.83 kg/m3. On the other hand, the interaction treatments between irrigation intervals and antitranspirants resulted in a significant effect in many studied parameters.

Effect of new specific fertilizer on the growth of peanut

Based on the soil nutrient condition of Fujian province and the nutritional characteristic of peanut, new specific peanut fertilizer was made with some new types of synergists and chemical fertilizers. In 2005, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the new specific fertilizer on peanut at Gaobi town, Longyan city, Fujian province. The results showed that, the new specific fertilizer could relieve the inhibition of fertilizers on nodule formation of peanut, promote the growth of peanut plants, increase the yield of peanut and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, contrasted to common fertilizers. To compare with one time application of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied one time and twice had significant positive influences on yield of peanut and nutrient use efficiency, increased economic yield of peanut by 3.8% and 6.3%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 3.9, 2.8, 4.3 and 4.5, 5.7, 7.4 percentage points respectively. Compared with twice applications of common fertilizers, the new specific fertilizer which was applied as the method above increased economic yield of peanut by 0.7% and 3.2%; improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium use efficiency by 0.3, 1.6, 0.5 and 0.9 4.5, 3.6 percentage points respectively.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Development and Nitrogen Utilization of Japonica Super Rice

With the super japonica rice Shennong 265 as the tested material, the effects of different nitrogen application amounts and basic tiller fertilizer(BTF)-ear granule fertilizer(EGF) ratios on the yield and nitrogen utilization characteristics of Shennong265 were investigated. The results showed that when the BTF-EGF ratio was 8:2 or 7:3, the yield of Shennong 265 increased with the increased nitrogen application amount; when the BTF-EGF ratio was 6:4, medium nitrogen level was more conducive to improving the yield of Shennong 265; under the condition of same BTF-EGF ratio, with the increased nitrogen application amount, the total nitrogen uptake increased, and the nitrogen physiological efficiency and harvest index decreased. At low and medium nitrogen levels, the higher the proportion of EGF was, the higher the yield, total nitrogen uptake and nitrogen recovery ratio were; at high nitrogen level, the BTF-EGF ratio of 7:3 was more favorable; at the same nitrogen level, the higher the proportion of EGF was, the lower the nitrogen physiological efficiency and harvest index were. Under conditions of nitrogen application level of 255 kg/hm^2 and BTF-EGF ratio of 7:3, the dry matter accumulation in the leaves, stems and spikes of Shennong265 was higher in the late growth period. Higher effective panicle number and grain number per panicle led to higher yield(9581.5 kg/hm^2, 2.4%-20.1% higher than those in the other treatment groups) and higher nitrogen use efficiency.

Methods of Testing Seed and Seedling Physiological Traits for the Improvement of Rapeseed Yield Stability

The presented work is based on laboratory testing of seed germination speed, emergence and seedling growth under different stress conditions simulated by subnormal water revel, extreme high and low temperatures. It allows one to eliminate the plant materials （initial breeding materials and cultivars） which do not tolerate extreme temperatures and temperature changes during germination, have low water use efficiency and is intolerant to abiotic stressors all right at the seed level. It was confirmed that these genotypes also have poor t^eld emergence and initial root growth implications for further vegetation periods, mainly for over wintering and spring regeneration which has significant influence on the yield. The method also represents the tool for screening genetic resources with the resistance to the abiotic stressors and this technology process is also acceptable for other crops. The results confirm the importance of the seed and root characteristics for crop production. The deteriorating quality of soil in recent years, increasing variability of weather and long periods of drought directly support the need to intensify activities in this research. Obtained results also show the influence of seed quality characteristics on roots and above ground parts of the plant. A relationship exists also vice versa.