长期施用有机肥对土壤有机碳、全氮及腐殖质组分的影响

本研究基于山东莱阳43年长期定位施肥试验,共设置7个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK)、低量有机肥(M1,施用量30 t/hm^(2))、低量有机肥与低量氮肥(施氮量138 kg/hm^(2))配施(M1N1)、低量有机肥与高量氮肥(施氮量276 kg/hm^(2))配施(M1N2)、高量有机肥(M2,施用量60 t/hm^(2))、高量有机肥与低量氮肥配施(M2N1)和高量有机肥与高量氮肥配施(M2N2),研究长期施用有机肥对土壤有机碳、全氮及腐殖质组分的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥显著提高各土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,其中M2N2处理的提升效果最好,土壤有机碳、全氮含量较CK分别提高239.02%、293.02%(0~5 cm),256.01%、319.37%(5~10 cm),247.51%、349.00%(10~20 cm)和164.67%、348.88%(20~30 cm)。长期施用有机肥后,土壤水溶性物质、可提取腐殖物质、胡敏素和胡敏酸含量有所提高,但M1N1和M2N1处理显著降低10~20 cm土层土壤富里酸含量。本试验条件下,M2N2处理对提高土壤有机碳、全氮含量及腐殖质组分效果最好。

长期施用有机肥对土壤和糙米铜、锌、铁、锰和镉积累的影响

设施氮、磷、钾肥(NPK)、施氮、磷、钾肥兼稻草还田(NPKS)、施氮、磷、钾肥兼2倍稻草还田(NPKS2)、施氮、磷、钾肥兼施紫云英(NPKG)和施氮、磷、钾肥兼施猪粪5个处理的长期定位试验,探讨了长期施用有机肥对土壤和糙米铜、锌、铁、锰和镉含量的影响。结果表明,土壤全铜、全锌和全镉因秸秆还田或施用紫云英、猪粪有明显提高,尤其是施用猪粪,土壤全铜、全锌和全镉较仅施用氮、磷、钾肥分别增长53.6%、23.6%、406.2%,达到极显著水平;而全铁和全锰各处理间没有显著差异。长期施用有机肥增加了土壤有效态铜、锌和镉含量,其中施用猪粪土壤有效铜、锌和镉含量增加最为显著,分别比NPK处理增长了335.9%、320.8%、421.4%。长期施用猪粪明显地增加了糙米中镉含量,并超过国家卫生标准。长期施用畜禽粪便类的有机肥对农产品的安全应予以足够的关注。

长期不同施肥对塿土团聚体胶结剂的影响

【目的】土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其形成和稳定与土壤中各种胶结剂的胶结作用有关,而团聚体胶结剂受土壤管理措施的影响,其中不同的施肥量及施肥措施影响作物生长进而影响土壤团聚体的胶结剂。本研究利用冬小麦一夏玉米轮作体系中不同施肥模式的(?)土长期定位试验,通过研究不同施肥模式对团聚体胶结剂的影响探讨(?)土团聚体的形成和分布的机理。【方法】试验设不施肥(CK)、单施氮(N)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、氮磷钾(NPK)、秸秆还田与氮磷钾(SNPK)、有机肥与氮磷钾(M1NPK和M2NPK)配施共9个处理。于2011年冬小麦收获前和2013年冬小麦收获后测定土壤团聚体胶结剂包括真菌菌丝密度、五碳糖、六碳糖、碳酸钙、粘粒以及游离氧化铁铝。【结果】不同施肥处理显著影响土壤表层(0-10 cm)和亚表层(10-20 cm)土壤团聚体胶结剂的含量。在0-10 cm土层,长期秸秆还田、有机肥与化肥配施处理与CK相比均显著降低了土壤菌丝密度也降低了碳酸钙含量但显著提高了土壤五碳糖和六碳糖含量而对粘粒(M2NPK除外)、游离氧化铁以及游离氧化铝含量没有显著影响。长期施用氮磷化肥(NP、NPK)也显著提高了土壤五碳糖含量显著降低了碳酸钙含量,提高了粘粒含量,降低了土壤菌丝密度对六碳糖、游离氧化铁和游离氧化铝含量没有影响。N、NK、PK处理的土壤五碳糖含量显著提高粘粒和游离氧化铁含量也有所提高,但对菌丝(PK除外)、六碳糖、碳酸钙以及游离氧化铝含量没有影响。10-20 cm土层,长期秸秆还田、有机肥与化肥配施与CK相比也提高了五碳糖和六碳糖含量显著降低了土壤菌丝密度和游离氧化铝含量而碳酸钙、粘粒、游离氧化铁差异不显著。长期施用氮磷化肥显著提高了土壤五碳糖含量,降低了土壤菌丝密度以及游离氧化铝含量但是六碳糖、碳酸钙、粘粒、游离氧化铁含量与CK没有差异。长期不施氮或不施磷处理与CK相比土壤五碳糖、六碳糖、碳酸钙以及游离氧化铁的含量显著提高但游离氧化铝含量显著降低而对菌丝和粘粒含量没有影响。不同团聚体胶结剂与团聚体平均重量直径的线性相关分析表明机械稳定性团聚体平均重量直径与碳酸钙含量呈极显著正相关、与游离氧化铁显著正相关与五碳糖和六碳糖极显著负相关。水稳性团聚体平均重量直径分别与菌丝密度、碳酸钙极显著正相关,与游离氧化铁显著正相关与五碳糖达显著负相关。【结论】团聚体胶结剂与平均重量直径的多元逐步回归分析表明,碳酸钙是影响(?)土团聚体稳定性唯一显著的胶结剂。

稻改设施有机蔬菜土壤碳氮磷含量与生态化学计量特征研究

为探讨稻田改为设施蔬菜地后长期施用有机肥对土壤养分均衡供应的影响,于2021年收获后采集南京市郊区种植历史为13和18年的露天有机菜地土壤和设施有机菜地耕层(0~15 cm)和犁底层(15~30 cm)土壤,同时采集毗邻稻田作为基准,空间替代时间,对土壤理化性质、养分特性和碳氮磷化学计量特征变化规律进行分析。结果表明,稻田转为设施有机菜地后,除碳库活度指数(AI)外,土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)、活性有机碳(AOC)、碳库指数(CPI)、碳库管理指数(CPMI)均呈“∧”形的先升后降趋势。各处理间耕层土壤MBC无显著差异。设施有机菜地的土壤氮磷钾累积量、碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比均显著高于露天有机菜地土壤。18年设施有机菜地耕层土壤碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比分别较露天菜地高7.32%、23.22%和18.57%,犁底层差异不显著。相关分析表明,不同活性有机碳组分与养分计量比间的关系强度存在差异,其中土壤碳氮比受有机碳总量的影响较大,土壤氮磷比受活性有机碳组分的作用更显著,土壤碳磷比同时受到土壤有机碳质量、数量、碳库管理指数的综合影响。研究表明,长期施用有机肥对土壤养分累积的改善作用受时间限制,且在养分平衡供应的调控效果较弱。

Enzyme Activity in Water-Stable Soil Aggregates as Affected by Long-Term Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertiliser

The activities of invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase in different fractions of waterstable aggregates (WSA) were examined in long-term (26 years) fertilised soils. The long-term application of organic manure (OM) with chemical fertiliser (CF) significantly increased macroaggregate and decreased microaggregate percentages, enhanced the mean weight diameter, and significantly increased soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents of WSA in different size fractions. Combined fertilisation with OM and CF also increased invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities of WSA in different size fractions. Enzyme activities were higher in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The distribution of enzyme activities generally followed the distribution of TC and TN in WSA. The geometric mean of the enzyme activities in different WSA of OM-treated soils was significantly higher than that in soils treated with 100% CF or no fertiliser. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of OM with CF increased the aggregate stability and enzyme activity of different WSA sizes, and consequently, improved soil physical structure and increased soil microbial activity.

Dynamic Relationship Between Biologically Active Soil Organic Carbon and Aggregate Stability in Long-Term Organically Fertilized Soils

Biologically active soil organic carbon （BASOC） is an important fraction of soil organic carbon （SOC）, but our understanding of the correlation between BASOC and soil aggregate stability is limited. At an ecological experimental station （28° 04＇-28° 37＇ N, 116° 41＇-117° 09＇ E） in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, China, we analyzed the dynamic relationship between soil aggregate stability and BASOC content over time in the red soil （Udic Ferrosols） fertilized with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium chemical fertilizer （NPK） without manure or with NPK plus livestock manure or green manure. The dynamics of BASOC was evaluated using CO2 efflux, and soil aggregates were separated according to size using a wet-sieving technique. The soils fertilized with NPK plus livestock manure had a significantly higher content of BASOC and an improved aggregate stability compared to the soils fertilized with NPK plus green manure or NPK alone. The BASOC contents in all fertilized soils decreased over time. The contents of large aggregates （800-2 000 μm） dramatically decreased over the first 7 d of incubation, but the contents of small aggregates （〈 800 μm） either remained the same or increased, depending on the incubation time and specific aggregate sizes. The aggregate stability did not differ significantly at the beginning and end of incubation, but the lowest stability in all fertilized soils occurred in the middle of the incubation, which implied that the soils had a strong resilience for aggregate stability. The change in BASOC content was only correlated with aggregate stability during the first 27 d of incubation.