In the last few years, the number of devices operating in wireless Internet of Things （IoT） has experienced tremendous growth. On the other hand, the growth results in spectrum scarcity. Cog- nitive Radio （CR） sys...In the last few years, the number of devices operating in wireless Internet of Things （IoT） has experienced tremendous growth. On the other hand, the growth results in spectrum scarcity. Cog- nitive Radio （CR） systems have been proposed to efficiently exploit the spectra that have been assigned but are underutilized. In this paper, a spectrum sensing model based on Markov chain is proposed to predict the spectrum hole for CR in wireless IoT. Theoretical analysis and simulation results have been evaluated that a Markov model with two- state or four-state works well enough in wireless loT whereas a model with more states is not necessary for it is complex.展开更多
This study uses the new classical Ramsey growth model to analyze the impacts of lowered estate tax rates in Taiwan. Simulation results indicate a decrease in capital stock and economic growth when post-adjusted estate...This study uses the new classical Ramsey growth model to analyze the impacts of lowered estate tax rates in Taiwan. Simulation results indicate a decrease in capital stock and economic growth when post-adjusted estate tax rate falls below 28.22%, which resembles the optimal estate tax rate to keep capital stock unchanged. The results also show that estate tax rate cuts have caused changes in relative prices, resulting in excess burden （EB）. The implication of our simulation results is that Taiwan＇s current estate tax rate cut to 10% will not be able to increase capital stock and promote economic growth.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible mechanism for protective effects of a decoction of the Qinggan Lishui formula(QF) on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in a rat model of microbead-induced chronic intraocular hypertensio...OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible mechanism for protective effects of a decoction of the Qinggan Lishui formula(QF) on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in a rat model of microbead-induced chronic intraocular hypertension(COH).METHODS: The COH model was generated by injecting microbeads(superparamagnetic iron oxide)into the anterior chamber of rat eyes. QF was given by intragastric administration(gavage) once daily at a dose of 6.2 g/kg until day 28, following microbead injection. Cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the number of RGCs in the retina. Terminal d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) staining was used to assess apoptotic changes in RGCs.RESULTS: Microbead injection induced a steady increase in intraocular pressure(IOP) of rats. Elevated IOP resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of CTB-labeled RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection. QF administration may moderately reduce IOP in the rat COH model and attenuate reduction of the number of CTB-labeled RGCs in COH rats. Furthermore, elevated IOP resulted in a progressive increase in the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection, suggestive of an increase in the extent of RGC apoptosis.There was a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive signals in QF-treated COH retinas,compared with untreated COH retinas.CONCLUSION: QF decoction may provide a protective effect for RGCs in COH retinas by reducing RGC loss; these effects may be mediated by inhibition of RGC apoptosis.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesSpecial Funds for Key Program of the China(2009ZX01039-002-001-07)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60971082and61872049)National Great Science Specific Project(2010ZX03005-001-03)Beijing Municipal Commission of Education Build Together Project and Ministry of Education Infrastructure Construction Project(2-5-2)
文摘In the last few years, the number of devices operating in wireless Internet of Things （IoT） has experienced tremendous growth. On the other hand, the growth results in spectrum scarcity. Cog- nitive Radio （CR） systems have been proposed to efficiently exploit the spectra that have been assigned but are underutilized. In this paper, a spectrum sensing model based on Markov chain is proposed to predict the spectrum hole for CR in wireless IoT. Theoretical analysis and simulation results have been evaluated that a Markov model with two- state or four-state works well enough in wireless loT whereas a model with more states is not necessary for it is complex.
文摘This study uses the new classical Ramsey growth model to analyze the impacts of lowered estate tax rates in Taiwan. Simulation results indicate a decrease in capital stock and economic growth when post-adjusted estate tax rate falls below 28.22%, which resembles the optimal estate tax rate to keep capital stock unchanged. The results also show that estate tax rate cuts have caused changes in relative prices, resulting in excess burden （EB）. The implication of our simulation results is that Taiwan＇s current estate tax rate cut to 10% will not be able to increase capital stock and promote economic growth.
基金Supported by Fan's Ophthalmology Project,Affiliated with the Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission(No.ZYSNXD-CC-HPGC-FC-002)Scientific and Technological Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.17401970700)Shanghai Research Fund for the Doctoral Program(No.B201712)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible mechanism for protective effects of a decoction of the Qinggan Lishui formula(QF) on retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)in a rat model of microbead-induced chronic intraocular hypertension(COH).METHODS: The COH model was generated by injecting microbeads(superparamagnetic iron oxide)into the anterior chamber of rat eyes. QF was given by intragastric administration(gavage) once daily at a dose of 6.2 g/kg until day 28, following microbead injection. Cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate changes in the number of RGCs in the retina. Terminal d UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) staining was used to assess apoptotic changes in RGCs.RESULTS: Microbead injection induced a steady increase in intraocular pressure(IOP) of rats. Elevated IOP resulted in a progressive reduction in the number of CTB-labeled RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection. QF administration may moderately reduce IOP in the rat COH model and attenuate reduction of the number of CTB-labeled RGCs in COH rats. Furthermore, elevated IOP resulted in a progressive increase in the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs, 2-4 weeks after microbead injection, suggestive of an increase in the extent of RGC apoptosis.There was a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive signals in QF-treated COH retinas,compared with untreated COH retinas.CONCLUSION: QF decoction may provide a protective effect for RGCs in COH retinas by reducing RGC loss; these effects may be mediated by inhibition of RGC apoptosis.
