全新世长江泥沙堆积的时空分布及通量估算

利用长江中下游、河口及口外、浙-闽沿岸陆架6个主要沉积盆地的40个晚第四纪钻孔及其年代学数据和长江口外、陆架的浅地层剖面,计算了全新世不同阶段各沉积盆地的沉积速率,并进行了近7 000年来泥沙堆积通量的估算.研究发现全新世早期距今10 000年至8 000年间长江口下切古河谷是长江泥沙的主要堆积中心,沉积速率可高达15 m/ka.随着海平面上升,全新世中期长江中下游也成为长江泥沙的重要沉积盆地,其中江汉盆地的沉积速率可达10 m/ka.近2 000年来,口外、陆架的堆积呈明显增加趋势,反映长江中下游盆地和河口可容空间日益减小.根据沉积速率估算,距今7 000年来长江中下游堆积泥沙约13 074×10^8t,同期水下三角洲和陆架的泥沙堆积量约为9 470×10^8 t.研究还发现全新世以来有两个异常低沉积速率时期：距今8 000-7 000年期间上述各沉积盆地沉积速率均显著低,未见长江泥沙的沉积中心;距今4 000-2 000年期间长江口呈现低沉积速率.这两次异常的原因推测与海平面、气候波动事件密切相关.

利用湿地植物控制长江泥沙的示范研究

根据自然水体湿生植物(挺水植物)、浮叶植物以及沉水植物的空间分布规律,利用水生高等植物构建由挺水植物、浮叶植物到沉水植物的野外示范研究区,面积为9 048 m2.模拟长江潮汐规律每天调长江水4 320 m3流经试验区,试验共进行100 h,进水量18 000 m3,试验区平均水力负荷0.477 5 m/d.结果表明:(1)湿地植被对水体透明度的改善与维持具有重要作用,即使外界环境有强烈干扰,只要不危及到湿地植被的存活,水体的透明度很快就可以提高到一定程度;(2)湿地植物对长江水体N、P等具有良好的净化作用;(3)湿地植物可降低泥沙含量,加速泥沙沉降.输入挺水植物长江水泥沙含量为130.87 mg/L,而流出挺水植物区的泥沙含量仅为32.66 mg/L,降低了75%,试验100 h的最终沉降量达到402 g/m2;输入浮叶植物长江水泥沙含量为32.66 mg/L,而流出浮叶植物区的泥沙含量仅为20.30 mg/L,试验100 h的最终沉降量达到271 g/m2.输入沉水植物泥沙浓度平均为20.30 mg/L,流经沉水植物群落后泥沙浓度平均18.65 mg/L,在沉水植物区的沉降量为0.011 5 g/m2,明显低于挺水和浮叶植物区;(4)示范研究的结果充分验证了由挺水、浮叶、沉水等水生高等植物组成的串连湿地系统对挟沙水体中的悬浮泥沙的截留效果,因此在长江泥沙控制与水质改善上具有较好的可应用性,是长江泥沙控制、水质改善的重要措施之一.

激光粒度分布仪应用于长江泥沙颗粒分析研究

泥沙测验是水文测验的重要项目之一，泥沙特性分析、运动规律研究对水库淤积、航运、灌溉、水能机组磨损等方面研究意义重大。而传统泥沙测验方式效率低下，劳动强度较大，严重限制了泥沙资料收集的现代化水平。为提高泥沙颗粒分析手段，近年来，长江水利委员会水文局先后引进了英国马尔文公司生产的MS2000型和中国丹东百特仪器有限公司生产的BT9300H型激光粒度分布仪，用于2mm以下泥沙颗粒分析。该类仪器均基于经典的激光衍射理论工作，分析结果稳定性高、重复性好。为了使这类仪器很好地应用于长江泥沙颗粒分析，以MS2000型仪器为例，简要介绍了激光粒度仪在长江泥沙颗粒分析应用方面的研究过程，包括仪器的原理、结构、基础参数设置和长江各代表站泥沙颗粒级配特征分析，提出了将激光法分析结果向传统法分析结果转换的思路和方法等。

长江口外泥沙向南输运速率的变化探讨——以朱家尖岛附近海域为例

采用浅地层剖面测量、沉积物柱样测年和海图水深计算对比相结合的方法，探讨位于长江入海泥沙向南输送通道上的朱家尖岛海域的泥质沉积速率的历史变化，并通过水文泥沙测量和沉积物取样分析寻找长江入海泥沙向南输送的佐证。结果表明：朱家尖岛海域全新世海平面上升以来泥质沉积厚度为5～20m，相当于沉积速率0.06～0.25cm/yr；1840～1960年区域平均沉积速率为1.4cm/yr，近60年沉积速率仅为此前120年沉积速率的一半左右。据此推断：全新世后期以来该海域泥质沉积速率先后经历了一个长期（千年尺度）缓慢的增大阶段和一个短期（年代尺度）迅速的减小阶段，与长江流域人类活动和河口湾充填作用共同造成的入海泥沙通量的总体变化趋势相吻合。

近1500年来吴淞江水系演变及其淤塞原因探讨

根据东晋以来有关吴淞江水系演化和水利工程的记载,通过对近1500年有关史料的整理,发现吴淞江水系日渐淤塞与海平面作用下的太湖流域地貌演变规律密切相关,与长江河口演变密切相关。由此得出:吴淞江水系演变的自然规律是其淤塞的主要原因,未来太湖流域的水环境整治、水利工程等建设必须遵循海平面作用下的地貌演变规律。

Coastal Current Systems and the Movement and Expansion of Suspended Sediment from Changjiang River Estuary

This paper, with NOAA/AHHRR data for 2 years, discusses the expanding path and extent of suspended sediment from the Changjiang River, and the relationship between the suspended sediment expanding and coastal current systems by analyzing the thermal infrared imagery with the sediment imagery, which is acquired by correlating the atmosphere corrected AVHRR imagery with in-situ suspended sediment data. The coastal current systems affecting the sediment dispersal mainly include： the Taiwan Warm Current （TWC）, the Huanghai Sea Mixed Water （HSMW）, North Jiangsu near-shore current, and Zhejiang near-shore current etc. In winter, the current systems are stable. Their distribution affects the sediment from north Jiangsu expanding toward the Changjiang estuary in some degree .The front between Zhejiang coastal current and TWC blocks the expanding of sediment toward the sea. In the flood season, apart from the limitation by coastal current systems, the spatial and temporal distribution of suspended sediment is also affected by the runoff, which shows as the jet stream and fresh water. Spring and autumn are the transitional periods of the forming of expanding patterns of flood season and winter respectively. In addition, the re-suspended sediment caused by the wind wave may make the expanding range of near-shore sediment larger.

QUANTITATIVE MODELING OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN MIDDLE CHANGJIANG RIVER FROM MODIS

Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to observe bodies of water. Among satellite sensors commonly used for water quality studies, the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) has potential in water quality monitoring, because of its moderate spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. In this paper, the utility of MODIS data for suspended sediment monitoring in the middle Changjiang (Yangtze) River is studied. It is concluded that suspended sediment concentration correlates well with reflectance values (R1-R2)/(R1+R2) retrieved from MODIS 250m image data (R2=0.72, n=41). Based on this correlation, we obtain the empirical model of suspended sediment concentration in the middle Changjiang River from MODIS. It is shown that it is useful for MODIS data to monitor this parameter of water quality.

Filling of the Three Gorges Reservoir to the 135-m Level: Instant Effects on the Yangtze Discharge and Suspended Sediment Concentration Entering the Estuary

Via the valuable opportunity of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) 135-m filling in June 2003, the Yangtze discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) entering the estuary during the period from 15 May to 15 July 2003 were analyzed to examine the instant effects of the filling on them. The Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary in the periods before, during and after the filling clearly indicated three phases: 1) the pre-storage phase characterized by natural conditions, in which the SSC increased with increasing water discharge; 2) the storage phase, during which the SSC decreased dramatically with decreasing water discharge; and 3) the post-storage phase, during which both the SSC and water discharge remained at relatively low levels first until the end of June, then the SSC increased gradually with increasing water discharge. It seems that the times for the instant effects of the decreasing discharge downstream from the upper Yangtze on the Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary due to the TGR 135-m filling to take place were about 5 d and 1 d respectively, while both were about 18 d for those of the increasing discharge. This probably reflects the buffering and resultantly hysteresis of the 1800-km stretch from the upper Yangtze to the estuary. The results are helpful for scientific and hydrological investigation of the Yangtze mainstream downstream from the TGR Dam and of the estuarine and adjacent coastal waters.

Principal Denudation Processes and Their Contribution to Fluvial Suspended Sediment Yields in the Upper Yangtze River Basin and Volga River Basin

This paper synthesized the principal land denudation processes and their role in determining riverine suspended sediment yields(SSY) in two typical geographical environments of the Upper Yangtze River Basin in China and the Volga River Basin in Eastern Europe. In the Upper Yangtze River Basin, natural factors including topography, climate,lithology and tectonic activity are responsible for the spatial variation in the magnitude of denudation rates.Human disturbances have contributed to the temporal changes of soil erosion and fluvial SSY during the past decades. On one hand, land use change caused by deforestation and land reclamation has played an important role in the acceleration of sediment production from the central hilly area and lower Jinsha catchment; On the other hand, diverse soil conservation practices(e.g., reforestation,terracing) have contributed to a reduction of soil erosion and sediment production since the late 1980 s.It was difficult to explicitly decouple the effect of mitigation measures in the Lower Jinsha River Basindue to the complexity associated with sediment redistribution within river channels(active channel migration and significant sedimentation). The whole basin can be subdivided into seven sub-regions according to the different proportional inputs of principal denudation processes to riverine SSY. In the Volga River Basin, anthropogenic sheet, rill and gully erosion are the predominant denudation processes in the southern region, while channel bank and bed erosion constitutes the main source of riverine suspended sediment flux in the northern part of the basin. Distribution of cultivated lands significantly determined the intensity of denudation processes.Local relief characteristics also considerably influence soil erosion rates and SSY in the southern Volga River Basin. Lithology, soil cover and climate conditions determined the spatial distribution of sheet, rill and gully erosion intensity, but they play a secondary role in SSY spatial variation.