成吉思汗与丘处机关系辨析

成吉思汗征召丘处机的主要原因是为了求得长生不老之药,其时儒、释、道三家的著作对此皆有明确记载。丘处机远赴西域觐见成吉思汗,是被动的、消极的行为。丘处机西觐途中受到汉地官员、儒家士大夫和蒙古贵族的礼遇与崇敬。及至西域,觐见到成吉思汗后,更受到成吉思汗的礼遇,丘处机才生发"我之帝所临河上,欲罢干戈致太平"的豪情,试图用全真道的理论学说乃至儒家的忠孝观念对成吉思汗的治国方针和征伐策略施加影响。

Effects of Fungal Elicitors on Cell Growth and Artemisinin Accumulation in Hairy Root Cultures of Artemisia annua

The artemisinin accumulation in the hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L. was enhanced via a treatment of three fungal elicitors separately ( Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Vuill and Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove). Among these three elicitors, V. dahliae had the highest inducing efficiency, but none of them manifests any noticeable effects on the cell growth of the hairy root cultures. The artemisinin content of the hairy root cultures treated with V. dahliae elicitor was 1.12 mg/g DW, which was 45% higher than the control (0.77 mg/g DW). The results showed that elicitation was dependent on the elicitor concentration, the incubation period and the physiological stage at which the hairy root cultures were treated. In addition, the authors found that for V. dahliae , the optimum concentration was 0.4 mg carbohydrate per millilitre medium, the strongest response of A. annua hairy root cultures to the elicitation was at the late exponential growth stage, and the highest artemisinin content of the hairy root cultures was on the 4th day post treatment.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of IAA in Anthers of the Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice

The immunohistochemical localization of IAA and the comparison of their relative levels were carried out for the first time in the anthers of Nongken 58S and its wild type Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) after long_day and short_day treatments. The distribution of free_IAA in anthers and its dynamic variation could be reflected by this method. The results showed that the IAA level in the anthers of Nongken 58S after long_day treatment was much lower than that in short_day_treated Nongken 58S and those in wild type Nongken 58 in five stages from pistil and stamen primordia formation to late uninucleate stage. The possible reasons for IAA deficiency in Nongken 58S_LD anthers and its relationship with fertility alteration were also discussed.

Effects of a Self-made Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine Additive on Growth Performance and Occurrence of Diarrhea in Weaned Piglets

In this study,the effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance and occurrence of diarrhea in weaned piglets were investigated.A compound Chinese herbal medicine that consisted of Astragalus membranaceus,Codonopsis pilosula,Epimedium sagittatum,massa medicata fermentata,Atractylodes macrocephala,malt,Glycyrrhiza uralensis,Angelica sinensis and Crataegus pinnatifida,was crushed and then passed through a 500-mesh sieve.The obtained powder was added to the basal diet of weaned piglets.A total of 100 healthy crossbred weaned piglets,aging 26±2 days,were selected.They were randomly divided into 5groups（20 piglets/group） in according to principles of similar parity（3-5）,similar body weight and half male and half female.The piglets in the control group were fed with basal diet.For the piglets in the I,II and III groups,0.4%,0.7% and 1.0%of Chinese herbal medicine additive were added to the basal diets,respectively.The basal diet of piglets in the IV group was added with 30 mg/kg of oxytetracycline.The results showed the incidences of diarrhea in I,II and III groups were4.85%,5.14% and 5.63% lower than that of control groups（P〈0.05）.There was no significant difference in incidence of diarrhea between the control and the IV groups.

李贺《帝子歌》主旨析探

在剖析诸家对《帝子歌》理解的基础上,从"帝子"、"九节菖蒲"及最后两句诗的解读为突破口,并与屈原《九歌》及李贺《湘妃》等进行对读认为,《帝子歌》展示的是一个凄美的爱情故事,其中寄托着李贺的仕宦不遇、人生悲凉之感。

Effects of Salinity Fluctuation and Dietary Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines on Survival,Growth and Immunity of Exopalaemon carinicauda

[Objective]The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale breeding of Exopalaemon carinicauda. [Method]Effects of salinity fluctuation （S0,S3,S6 and S9 represented salinity fluctuations of 0,3,6 and 9 respectivley） and dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines （0,1%,2% and 4% respectively） on survival,growth and immunity of E.carinicauda were studied,and its experiment lasted for 60 d. [Result]The results showed that specific growth rate,feed conversion efficiency and superoxide dismutase activity of E.carinicauda in the treatment group with 1% dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicine and S6 salinity fluctuation were higher than those in other treatments,which was significantly higher than the treatment groups with S0,S3 and S9 salinity fluctuation at the same adding level of 1% dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The regression analysis indicated that at S0,S3 and S6 salinity fluctuation,the optimal adding level of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines in feeds decreased with the increase of salinity fluctuation,accounting for 2.74%,1.77% and 0.51% respectively. At four adding levels of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines,the optimal salinity fluctuation of E.carinicauda also decreased with the increase of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines in feeds,accounting for 5.26,4.95,3.54 and 1.97 respectively. [Conclusion]Salinity,dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines and their interactions have a significant effect on survival,growth and immunity of E.carinicauda,which calls for attentions in the breeding.

Influences of Carbon Sources and Plant Growth Regulators on Anther Culture Efficiency of Pepper

[Objective]In order to increase anther culture efficiency of pepper.[Method]MS culture media and Bolajiaohong were used in this experiment to study the influences of carbon sources and concentrations on anther callus induction of pepper.Jiayu was taken as a material to study influences of plant growth regulators and concentrations on anther callus induction of pepper according to L16（4^5） orthogonal design.[Result]The average callus and embryoid induction rates of maltose at all concentrations were higher than these of sucrose but the difference was not significant.Taking maltose or sucrose as a carbon source,3% to 6% concentration was good for increasing induction frequencies of calli and embryoids.However,If the concentration was over 6%,the induction rates were declined dramatically with the increase of sugar concentration.The influences of growth regulators on induction rate of calli were listed as 2,4-D﹥ZT﹥NAA﹥KT﹥6-BA;the influences on induction rates of embryoids were listed as 2,4-D﹥NAA﹥ZT﹥KT﹥6-BA.The 2,4-D,ZT,NAA and KT had signficant or extremely significant influences on induction rates of calli and embryoids.2,4-D,ZT at 1.0 mg/L and NNA,KT at 0.5 mg/L had the best effects.The influences of ZT on calli and embryoids were better than those of KT and 6-BA.1.0 mg/L 2,4-D ＋1.0 mg/L ZT ＋0.5 mg/L KT ＋0.5 mg/L 6-BA was the best regulator combination for induction culture of Jiayu anther.[Conclusion]The experiment provided research basis for anther culture of pepper.

复活与长生永恒的幻梦

灵药与尸解:住在昆仑山上的西王母,据说是“长生药”的第一个拥有者。在《山海经·西山经》里,她的主要职责是“司天之厉及五残”,即代替上天执掌灾疫和刑罚,并没有赋予人“长生不老”的功能。但古人基于“既可取、便可予”的逻辑,想当然地以为,西王母既然能夺走人的肢体和健康,那延长生命、减缓衰老,肯定也不在话下。

Sirolimus inhibits growth of human hepatoma cells alone or combined with tacrolimus, while tacrolimus promotes cell growth

AIM: Standard immunosuppression after organ transplantation stimulates tumor growth. Sirolimus has a strong antiproliferative and a tumor inhibiting effect. The purpose is to assess the effect on tumor growth of the immunosuppressive compounds sirolimus and tacrolimus alone and in combination on cells of human hepatocellular carcinoma.METHODS: We used the human cell lines SK-Hep 1 and Hep 3B derived from hepatocellular carcinoma. Proliferation analyses after treatment with sirolimus, tacrolimus, or the combination of both were performed. FACS analyses were done to reveal cell cycle changes and apoptotic cell death. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was estimated by Western blots.RESULTS: Sirolimus alone or combined with tacrolimus inhibited the growth of both cell lines after 5 d by up to 35% in SK-Hep 1 cells, and by up to 68% in Hep 3B cells at 25 ng/mL. Tacrolimus alone stimulated the growth by 12% after 5 ng/mL and by 25% after 25 ng/mL in Hep 3B cells. We found an increase of apoptotic Hep 3B cells from 6 to 16%, and a G1-arrest in SK-Hep 1 cells with an increase of cells from 61 to 82%, when sirolimus and tacrolimus were combined. Bcl-2 was down-regulated in Hep 3B, but not in SK-Hep 1 cells after combined treatment.CONCLUSION: Sirolimus appears to inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells alone and in combination with tacrolimus. Sirolimus seems to inhibit the growth stimulation of tacrolimus.

Targeting key signalling pathways in oesophageal adenocarcinoma:A reality for personalised medicine?

Cancer treatments are rapidly changing.Curative treatment for oesophageal adenocarcinoma currently involves surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.Outcomes for both regimes are generally poor as a result of tumor recurrence.We have reviewed the key signalling pathways associated with oesophageal adenocarcinomas and discussed the recent trials of novel agents that attempt to target these pathways.There are many trials underway with the aim of improving survival in oesophageal cancer.Currently,phase 2 and 3 trials are focused on MAP kinase inhibition,either through inhibition of growth factor receptors or signal transducer proteins.In order to avoid tumor resistance,it appears to be clear that targeted therapy will be needed to combat the multiple signalling pathways that are in operation in oesophageal adenocarcinomas.This may be achievable in the future with the advent of gene signatures and a combinatorial approach.

Effect of Dietary Olaquindox on the Growth of Large Yellow Croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea R.) and the Distribution of Its Residues in Fish Tissues

Olaquindox(OLA), one of quinoxaline-N, N-dioxides, has been put under ban. However it was used as a medicinal feed additive early; it promotes the growth of livestock and prevents them from dysentery and bacterial enteritis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of dietary OLA on the growth of large yellow croaker(Pseudosciaena crocea R.) and the histological distribution of OLA and its metabolite 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid(MQCA) in fish tissues. Four diets containing 0(control), 42.5, 89.5 and 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA, respectively, were formulated and tested, 3 cages(1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m) each diet and 100 juveniles(9.75 ± 0.35 g) each cage. The fish were fed to satiation twice a day at 05:00 am and 17:00 pm for 8 weeks. The survival rate of fish fed the diet containing 42.5 and 89.5 mg kg-1 OLA was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet containing 0 and 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA(P < 0.05), while the weight gain rate of fish fed the diet containing 42.5 and 89.5 mg kg-1 OLA was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet without OLA(control)(P<0.05), but similar to that of fish fed the diet with 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA. Fish fed the diet with 277.2 mg kg-1 OLA had the highest content of OLA and MQCA in liver(3.44 and 0.39 mg kg-1, respectively), skin(0.46 and 0.09 mg kg-1, respectively) and muscle(0.24 and 0.06 mg kg-1, respectively). In average, fish fed the diet containing OLA had the highest content of OLA and MQCA in liver which was followed by skin and muscle(P < 0.05), whereas OLA and MQCA were not detectable in control. Our findings demonstrated that OLA and MQCA accumulated in large yellow croaker when it was fed with the diet containing OLA, thus imposing a potential safety risk to human health.

In vitro growth inhibition of human colonic tumor cells by Verapamil

AIM: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of Verapamil on cultured human colonic tumor (HCT) cells.METHODS: HCT cells were treated with different concentrations of Verapamil, and their proliferation was examined by MTT assay. The areas of sub-diploid peak were measured by flow cytometry, and the DNA ladder was found by agarose gel electrophoresis. The characteristic changes in morphology were observed under light microscopy. The cell nuclei (propidium iodide labeled, PI-labeled) and cellular distribution and concentration of calcium (Fluo-3-labeled) were studied by using laser confocal scanning microscope.RESULTS: The proliferation of HCT cells was inhibited by different concentrations of Verapamil. With the increase in concentration of Verapamil, the percent of G0-G1 phase cells in HCT cells increased and that of S phase cells decreased. After treating with different concentrations of Verapamil, flow cytometry showed that HCT cells were enlarged in areas of sub-diploid in a dose-dependent manner. Gel electrophoresis results displayed a typical DNA ladder. On staining with Wrights-Giemsa, the typical cellular apoptosis morphologic changes were also observed. PI-labeled cell nuclei were found markedly changed. In addition, we inspected that the 100 μmol/L Verapamil could increase the intracellular calcium ion concentration [Ca2+]i in HCT cells.CONCLUSION: Verapamil can inhibit proliferation of HCT cells via inducing cell apoptosis.

Solubilities of Cimaterol and Mabuterol in SF-CO_2

The solubilities of two β-agonists, cimaterol and mabuterol, in supercritical carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) were measured by a recirculating method at temperatures of 40℃ and 60℃ and pressures between 9 MPa to 49 MPa.The compounds exhibit very limited solubilities in the range of 10^-5 to 10^-7 (mole fraction). Cimaterol has a higher solubility than that of mabuterol. The experimental data of solubility were correlated by four density-based models.The correlation accuracy highly depends on the system investigated, which is mainly determined by the density ranges and temperature.

Nonpeptide somatostatin analogs:recent advances in its application and research

Along with its wide anatomical distribution, somatostatin (SST) acts on multiple targets via a family of 5 receptors to produce a broad spectrum of biological effects. Therefore, a variety of peptide analogs have been produced and are widely used in clinical treatment. However, because of their flaws in the structure of peptide, the clinical efficacy is limited. In this review, we summarize the structure, pharmacological effects and the potential clinical value of non-peptide SST analogs. We focus on the research and development of non-peptide SST analogs since 1998, and discuss the problems and potential prospects for non-peptide SST analogs. We believe that as more non-peptide somatostatin analogs are successfully developed, the extensive clinical application of SSTs will contribute a great deal to medical science.

Relationship between alkaloid contents and growth environment of Yimu Cao (Herba Leonuri)

Objective: To study the relationship between alkaloids contents in Chinese traditional drug Yimu Cao (the dried aerial parts of Leonurus artemisia) and its growing environment. Methods: Samples of the drug and the soil at the growing site collected from 5 selected regions. Reference materials were checked and on-the-spot observations were carried out to investigate the growth environment. RP-HPLC was performed to determine the alkaloid contents in the drug. Results: Different regions had different environmental conditions, including climate, soil, vegetation, and so on. No matter barren or fertile the soil at the growing site was, the herb of L. artemisia could grow well, but the contents of alkaloid in the drug varied greatly. The drugs produced in 2 northern regions, where the soil is alkaline, had higher content of alkaloid (about 0.4%) than that produced in southern regions (0.1l%-0.2%), where the soil is acid. Conclusion: The contents of organic matters, effective phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, and the pH value of the growing site soil were the factors correlating with alkaloid contents in the drug, among which the pH value of soil was an important positively correlating factor. The alkaline soils in North benefit the accumulation of alkaloids more than the acid soils in South. The other probable elements affecting the alkaloid contents in Yimu Cao were climate and genetic factors.

Effect of Weikangning on gastric cancer cell growth and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors KDR and Flt-1

AIM: To observe the effect of Chinese traditional herbal decoction Weikang-ning (WKN) on cell growth and expression of VEGF and its receptors KDR and Flt-1 in gastric cancer cell line MGC-803. METHODS: A total of 120 male Wistar rats were divided into control group, high dose, medium dose and low dose groups fed with natural saline, 20, 10, and 5 g/kg of WKN, respectively. The experimental animals were finally killed for the preparation of drug-containing serum. The gastric cancer cell MGC-803 was cultured with the drug-containing serum drawn from the rats in different groups. We observed the growth condition of the cancer cells with light microscope and flow cytometer. The expression of mRNA of VEGF and its receptors KDR and Flt-1 was detected with RT-PCR. RESULTS: The proportion of cells in G0-G1 phase was (65.40±0.41)%, (56.92±0.62)%, (55.89±0.69)% in high, medium and low dose groups respectively vs(41.35±0.55)% in control group (P<0.01), while the cells in G2-S and S phases were (11.62±0.62)% and (22.99±0.69)%, (17.08±0.80)% and (26.00±0.71)%, (19.37±0.57)% and (24.74±0.64)% in high, medium and low dose groups, respectively, vs(23.65±0.56)% and (35.00±0.60)% in control group (P<0.01). The expression of mRNA of VEGF and its receptors was significantly decreased, the area of electrophoresis bands (AREA), the absorptivity of mean optical density (A) and the product of AREA and A were significantly lower in WKN-administered groups than that in control group(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The decoction of WKN suppresses the growth of gastric cancer cell MGC-803 and decreases the expression of mRNA of both VEGF and its receptors KDR and Flt-1.

Regression of liver metastases of occult carcinoid tumor with slow release Lanreotide therapy

Few clinical studies have demonstrated an anti-proliferative activity of somatostatin (SST) analogs in carcinoids. We report the case of a woman with liver metastases of neuroendocrine tumor and no evidence of the primary tumor. The liver metastases were characterized by high proliferation index, immunoreactiviy for somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-l, 2, 3 and 5 and positive octreoscan. Urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, serum serotonin and chromogranin A were elevated. Slow release lanreotide (SR-LAN) therapy for 3 mo controlled clinical and biochemical signs of carcinoid tumor and caused a clear-cut reduction in the diameter of two liver metastases and disappearance of another lesion, with further reduction after 6 and 18 mo. We demonstrated a clear-cut long-lasting anti-proliferative effect of SR-LAN on liver metastases of occult carcinoid with high proliferation index and immunoreactivity for SSTR-1, 2, 3, and 5. Immunohistochemistry for SSTRs could be a suitable method for the selection of patients with metastatic carcinoid that may benefit from SST analog therapy.

Poultry Manure Compost Alleviates the Phytotoxicity of Soil Cadmium: Influence on Growth of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.)

The growth performance of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.） in relation to soil cadmium （Cd） fractionations was investigated to evaluate the remediating effect of poultry manure compost on Cd-contaminated soil. A yellow-brown soil （Alfisol） treated with various levels of Cd （0 50 mg Cd kg^-1 soil） was amended with increasing amounts of compost from 0 to 120 g kg^-1. Compost application transformed 47.8%-69.8% of soluble/exchangeable Cd to the organic-bound fraction, and consequently decreased Cd uptake of pakchoi by 56.2%-62.5% as compared with unamended soil. Alleviation of Cd bioavailability by compost was attributed primarily to the increase of soil pH and complexation of Cd by organic matter including dissolved organic matter. In general, the improvement of pakchoi performance was more pronounced in higher Cd-contaminated soil. Addition of large amount of compost also favored the anti-oxidative capability of pakchoi against Cd toxicity. This low cost remediation method seems to be very effective in the restoration of Cd-eontaminated soils.

Effect of Growing Conditions of Rice Donor Plants on Anther Culture in Vitro

An experiment was conducted to find the effect of three types of donor plants growing conditions （growth chamber, open space ＋ growth chambers and open space） on callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration and productive shoot regeneration from the anthers culture in vitro of four rice hybrid （1-2, 2-1, 7-1, 13-3） developed by Primorsky Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. Five variants of N6 medium （N6-I, N6-2, N6-3, Mix-l, N6-4） were used as basal medium. Mean value of callus induction frequency on three types of conditions ranged from 5.68% to 9.44% and the difference was non-significantly. In general, callus derived from donor plants grown on condition of open space ＋ growth chambers showed significantly better performances for plant regeneration （0.23 green regenerants on anther and 3.77 green regenerants on callus） and productive shoot regeneration （0.06 productive regenerants on anther and 0.56 productive regenerants on callus）. Favourable conditions for donor plant growth in open space positively affect on callus induction and regenaration. It is possible to get assured results on many hybrids, but not the highest. In growth chamber, frequency of callus induction can be the maximal only on some samples, few hybrids are resulted in deficiency of callus induction.

Pharmacological Mechanisms of Diazepam in Fish： Effect on Growth

The present work aimed to demonstrate that the dietary content of the drug diazepam, a common benzodiazepine, regulates many aspect of feed efficiency of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus a favorite in fish production, and also to test introducing a simple new model in the investigation of the biological mechanisms of drug addiction. Diazepam was added to the basic diet at different levels （1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 12.0, 14.0 and 16.0 mg/100 g diet）. The experiments lasted for twelve weeks. The results obtained suggested that most of the diazepam doses were able to stimulate the growth parameters of O. niloticus, especially at 12.0 mg/100 gdiet. At some selected doses, diazepam reduces AChE specific activities in the tilapia brain and the inhibition was higher at the 12.0 mg dose. The clearance of diazepam in fish muscles and skin with lapse of time indicated that the fish treatment poses no health risk to the consumer. The recommended dose is the 12 mg DZP/100 mg diet. Finally, tilapia can be used as a new powerful model for the study of fish growth, which could provide insights into the mechanisms of drug addiction.