The surge in China＇s local government debt has made various sectors of society pay closer attention to the situation. First of all, four types of debt relations must be clarified： the relationship between asset and ...The surge in China＇s local government debt has made various sectors of society pay closer attention to the situation. First of all, four types of debt relations must be clarified： the relationship between asset and non-asset debt, the difference between long- term and short-term debt, the difference between debt in the form of bonds and debt in the form of bank loans, and the difference between debt listed in government budgets and other government debt. The development of long-term bonds is a fairly good choice for China to upgrade its consumption structure, accelerate urbanization, transform its economic development patterns, and meanwhile, to alleviate the mismatch between the financial powers of local governments and their administrative responsibilities.展开更多
A nonlinear analysis of urban evolution is made by using of spatial autocorrelation theory. A first-order nonlinear autoregression model based on Clark’s negative exponential model is proposed to show urban populatio...A nonlinear analysis of urban evolution is made by using of spatial autocorrelation theory. A first-order nonlinear autoregression model based on Clark’s negative exponential model is proposed to show urban population density. The new method and model are applied to Hangzhou City, China, as an example. The average distance of population activities, the auto-correlation coefficient of urban population density, and the auto-regressive function values all show trends of gradual increase from 1964 to 2000, but there always is a sharp first-order cutoff in the partial auto- correlations. These results indicate that urban development is a process of localization. The discovery of urban locality is significant to improve the cellular-automata-based urban simulation of modeling spatial complexity.展开更多
With the urban expansion and economic restructuring, the jobs-housing relationship has become an important issue in studies on urban spatial structure. This paper employed a job accessibility model, which is an evalua...With the urban expansion and economic restructuring, the jobs-housing relationship has become an important issue in studies on urban spatial structure. This paper employed a job accessibility model, which is an evaluation instrument to measure the jobs-housing relationship in Beijing Metropolitan Area from a job accessibility perspective. The results indicate that the population in the central city is declining, whereas the population in the suburbs is consistently growing and forming new population centers. However, the distribution pattern of employment is still highly centralized. Job accessibility varies in different locations, but the inner-city areas(within the Third Ring road) have seen improved job accessibility over time while job accessibility in the suburbs(especially outside the Fourth Ring road) has decreased, and this has led it to become a primary area of residential and employment mismatch. At the same time, the new towns in the outer suburbs have not yet demonstrated great potential to attract more jobs. In addition we find that, to some extent, urban planning changes the jobs-housing relationship, but a polycentric urban spatial structure is not yet evident. The floating population and related housing policy also affect the jobs-housing relationship. We propose some measures to resolve the spatial mismatch as well as some future research directions.展开更多
Objective To understand the perception for the use of cataract surgical services in a population acceptors and non-acceptors of cataract surgery in urban Beijing. Methods From a community-based screening program a to...Objective To understand the perception for the use of cataract surgical services in a population acceptors and non-acceptors of cataract surgery in urban Beijing. Methods From a community-based screening program a total of 158 patients with presenting visual acuity of less than 6/18 on either eye due to age-related cataract were informed about the possibility of surgical treatment. These patients were interviewed and re-examined 36 to 46 months after initial screening. The main reasons for not accepting surgery were obtained using a questionnaire. Vision function and vision-related quality of life scores were assessed in those who received and did not receive surgery. Results At the follow-up examination 116 of the 158 patients were available and 36 （31.0%） had undergone cataract surgery. Cases who chose surgery had higher education level than those who did not seek surgery （OR=2.64, 95% CI： 1.08-6.63, P=0.02）. There were no significant differences in vision function （P=0.11） or quality of life scores （P=0.16） between the surgery group and the non-surgery group. Main reasons for not having surgery included no perceived need （50.0%）, feeling of being ＂too old＂ （19.2%）, and worry about the quality of surgery （9.6%）. Cost was seeking surgery. cited by 1 （1.9%） subject as the main reason for not展开更多
By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban pl...By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.展开更多
It has been long believed there should be some relations between traffic system and urbanization,but the in-teraction between them,especially on the regional level,has been not in consideration due to the difficulty i...It has been long believed there should be some relations between traffic system and urbanization,but the in-teraction between them,especially on the regional level,has been not in consideration due to the difficulty in quantitative analysis.Based on the development of Jilin Province during 1981-2003,the paper analyzed the relation with the grey-relation model which was adjusted to fit specific problem,and came to some conclusions.Firstly,there exists ob-vious and strong correlation between traffic system and urbanization.Secondly,urbanization responds to the develop-ment of traffic system mainly on the level of urbanization,such as population and developed area,however,less on urbanization quality.Thirdly,traffic system influences urbanization as a whole except for several peculiar factors,which means we should optimize the whole traffic system to promote urbanization.Based on those conclusions,the paper illustrated the mechanism of traffic system,promoting urbanization scale and urbanization quality.展开更多
This study explained the importance of environmental protection in tourism development and illustrated the relationship between recreational resource valuation and environmental consideration.We compare different mode...This study explained the importance of environmental protection in tourism development and illustrated the relationship between recreational resource valuation and environmental consideration.We compare different models of travel cost method and reiterates long-time existing problems of multi-destination and treats of time opportunity cost(TOC).Taking Jiayuguan's cultural sights as an example,we establish an updated method called multidestination zonal tourism cost method to evaluate the recreational values(RVs) of selected three cultural sights.We divide trip packages of Jiayuguan's tourists into 11 portfolios.Each portfolio can be seen as a separate commodity,and each commodity has its own demand curve.According to demand curves we can calculate consumer surplus(CS) of different portfolios of tourist destinations and later we sum up the total travel costs(including travel expenditure and TOC) and CS to come to the RVs of each portfolio.We then apply suitable proportions to calculate the RVs between different destinations in the portfolio.In the end,we add up all the RVs calculated for the objective destination.Using this method,we draw conclusions that Jiayuguan's RV in 2006 includes national and international values,summing up to 738.4762 million yuan.The tourist expenditure,CS and TOC of Jiayuguan is proportionating 62.96,32.28 and 4.76%,respectively.This study is also an example of non-market valuation of cultural tourism resources.展开更多
文摘The surge in China＇s local government debt has made various sectors of society pay closer attention to the situation. First of all, four types of debt relations must be clarified： the relationship between asset and non-asset debt, the difference between long- term and short-term debt, the difference between debt in the form of bonds and debt in the form of bank loans, and the difference between debt listed in government budgets and other government debt. The development of long-term bonds is a fairly good choice for China to upgrade its consumption structure, accelerate urbanization, transform its economic development patterns, and meanwhile, to alleviate the mismatch between the financial powers of local governments and their administrative responsibilities.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371039)
文摘A nonlinear analysis of urban evolution is made by using of spatial autocorrelation theory. A first-order nonlinear autoregression model based on Clark’s negative exponential model is proposed to show urban population density. The new method and model are applied to Hangzhou City, China, as an example. The average distance of population activities, the auto-correlation coefficient of urban population density, and the auto-regressive function values all show trends of gradual increase from 1964 to 2000, but there always is a sharp first-order cutoff in the partial auto- correlations. These results indicate that urban development is a process of localization. The discovery of urban locality is significant to improve the cellular-automata-based urban simulation of modeling spatial complexity.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41271132)
文摘With the urban expansion and economic restructuring, the jobs-housing relationship has become an important issue in studies on urban spatial structure. This paper employed a job accessibility model, which is an evaluation instrument to measure the jobs-housing relationship in Beijing Metropolitan Area from a job accessibility perspective. The results indicate that the population in the central city is declining, whereas the population in the suburbs is consistently growing and forming new population centers. However, the distribution pattern of employment is still highly centralized. Job accessibility varies in different locations, but the inner-city areas(within the Third Ring road) have seen improved job accessibility over time while job accessibility in the suburbs(especially outside the Fourth Ring road) has decreased, and this has led it to become a primary area of residential and employment mismatch. At the same time, the new towns in the outer suburbs have not yet demonstrated great potential to attract more jobs. In addition we find that, to some extent, urban planning changes the jobs-housing relationship, but a polycentric urban spatial structure is not yet evident. The floating population and related housing policy also affect the jobs-housing relationship. We propose some measures to resolve the spatial mismatch as well as some future research directions.
文摘Objective To understand the perception for the use of cataract surgical services in a population acceptors and non-acceptors of cataract surgery in urban Beijing. Methods From a community-based screening program a total of 158 patients with presenting visual acuity of less than 6/18 on either eye due to age-related cataract were informed about the possibility of surgical treatment. These patients were interviewed and re-examined 36 to 46 months after initial screening. The main reasons for not accepting surgery were obtained using a questionnaire. Vision function and vision-related quality of life scores were assessed in those who received and did not receive surgery. Results At the follow-up examination 116 of the 158 patients were available and 36 （31.0%） had undergone cataract surgery. Cases who chose surgery had higher education level than those who did not seek surgery （OR=2.64, 95% CI： 1.08-6.63, P=0.02）. There were no significant differences in vision function （P=0.11） or quality of life scores （P=0.16） between the surgery group and the non-surgery group. Main reasons for not having surgery included no perceived need （50.0%）, feeling of being ＂too old＂ （19.2%）, and worry about the quality of surgery （9.6%）. Cost was seeking surgery. cited by 1 （1.9%） subject as the main reason for not
基金Under the auspices of Program of International Cooperation and Exchanges of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41320104001)Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41130747)
文摘By focusing on Guangzhou, this paper examines how different concepts of city in terms of urban-rural relationships are shaped in transforming China since 1949, and explores how they influence the way in which urban planning are practiced. In the pre-reform era, the city was defined as a productive space under the system of urban-rural segregation established for securing rapid industrialization. Urban planning was thus only concerned with the development of urban areas. In the 1980 s and 1990 s after the reform, institutional change and economic transformation mobilized the urban-rural linkages. The development of suburban areas was then considered by urban planning, but this consideration was a passive response to urban problems such as population explosion and water resources protection. Since the new millennium, the agenda for sustainable development and problems of uneven urban-rural development have called for the development of urban-rural integration. In this context, the city is conceptualized as a complex of mountain, city, river, farmland and sea, reconstructing the ideology of urban-rural division in defining urban development. Urban planning has therefore sought in an active way to develop a sustainable city embracing rural and natural elements, and to balance economic growth and environmental protection. It is argued that developing the concept of city as a complex of urban and rural elements contributes to the urban planning for sustainable urban development, while this conceptualization relies on the recognition of the integrated urban-rural relationship.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40341008)
文摘It has been long believed there should be some relations between traffic system and urbanization,but the in-teraction between them,especially on the regional level,has been not in consideration due to the difficulty in quantitative analysis.Based on the development of Jilin Province during 1981-2003,the paper analyzed the relation with the grey-relation model which was adjusted to fit specific problem,and came to some conclusions.Firstly,there exists ob-vious and strong correlation between traffic system and urbanization.Secondly,urbanization responds to the develop-ment of traffic system mainly on the level of urbanization,such as population and developed area,however,less on urbanization quality.Thirdly,traffic system influences urbanization as a whole except for several peculiar factors,which means we should optimize the whole traffic system to promote urbanization.Based on those conclusions,the paper illustrated the mechanism of traffic system,promoting urbanization scale and urbanization quality.
基金support of Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (Grantno.170170)
文摘This study explained the importance of environmental protection in tourism development and illustrated the relationship between recreational resource valuation and environmental consideration.We compare different models of travel cost method and reiterates long-time existing problems of multi-destination and treats of time opportunity cost(TOC).Taking Jiayuguan's cultural sights as an example,we establish an updated method called multidestination zonal tourism cost method to evaluate the recreational values(RVs) of selected three cultural sights.We divide trip packages of Jiayuguan's tourists into 11 portfolios.Each portfolio can be seen as a separate commodity,and each commodity has its own demand curve.According to demand curves we can calculate consumer surplus(CS) of different portfolios of tourist destinations and later we sum up the total travel costs(including travel expenditure and TOC) and CS to come to the RVs of each portfolio.We then apply suitable proportions to calculate the RVs between different destinations in the portfolio.In the end,we add up all the RVs calculated for the objective destination.Using this method,we draw conclusions that Jiayuguan's RV in 2006 includes national and international values,summing up to 738.4762 million yuan.The tourist expenditure,CS and TOC of Jiayuguan is proportionating 62.96,32.28 and 4.76%,respectively.This study is also an example of non-market valuation of cultural tourism resources.
