法的暴力与反暴力之辩证法——从本雅明到门克的法哲学批判

在法兰克福学派的最新发展趋势中,门克的法哲学批判较为独特。通过融合阿多尔诺的否定辩证法思想、卢曼的法律理论、新法兰克福学派的批判法学等思想,他发展出了一种后现代的法理论。文章主要关注该理论中的一个核心问题,即法与暴力的关系。门克对该问题的讨论继承了本雅明对法的暴力的批判。本雅明主张市民法的本质在于暴力,并试图通过阐述一种神圣暴力来解免法的暴力。门克赞同本雅明的批判,但不赞同他的解决方式。通过吸收卢曼的法社会学和新法兰克福学派的批判法学,他主张,现代法本身就内在地蕴含了暴力与反暴力的辩证法,现代权利形式就是对法的暴力的一种解免方式。但是,现实存在的市民法通过确立主体权利反而扭曲了这种辩证过程,进而阻碍了现代法的自我反思过程。因而,市民法是一种错误的法。对市民法的批判则表现为对主体权利的批判。

使命如磐强武装——内蒙古鄂尔多斯市东胜区巴音门克街道党工委关心支持武装工作纪实

近年来,内蒙古鄂尔多斯市东胜区巴音门克街道党工委"一班人",致富不忘强武装,坚持一手抓经济建设,一手抓武装工作,使该街道在经济建设中取得较好成绩的同时,武装工作也走在了前列,实现了"基础设施配套,各项制度健全,软件资料完善"的要求。街道武装部连续3次被鄂尔多斯军分区表彰为"先进基层武装部",并多次代表东胜区人武部接受上级领导机关的检查验收,取得优异的成绩。

动脉硬化

动脉硬化是一类以动脉壁增厚、变硬、弹性丧失为特征的疾病。因血管通道发生扭曲变形，狭窄，导致心脏负荷增加，表现出全身性血液和氧供应不足症状。从病理变化特征上包括三种疾病：(1)动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis)，主要累及大、中型动脉；(2)门克伯格中膜钙化性硬化(Me‘nckeberg medial calcificsclerosis)，主要病理特征为中等肌性动脉钙化；(3)微(小)动脉硬化(arteriolosclerosis)，主要病变为小动脉和微动脉透明样变和增生。

丰富多彩的新疆界任务

2017年底,美国宇航局（NASA）公布了竞争下一次（第四次）新疆界任务的最新结果：12个竞争提案中两个方案脱颖而出,它们分别是康奈尔大学的楚留莫夫-格拉希门克（67P）取样返回探测的＂凯撒＂方案,以及约翰霍普金斯大学的土卫六探测的＂蜻蜓＂方案。它们将在未来进行最后的角逐,预计2019年7月NASA将评选出最后的胜利者,作为第四次新疆界级任务于2024年发射。

Adherent properties of Helicobacter pylori to human epithelial cells *

AIM To study the properties and factors of Helicobacter pylori adherence to human epithelial cells. METHODS The adherent properties of human epithelial cells were studied by using a group of isolated H. pylori strains, anti H. pylori monoclonal antibodies and varied pH environment in in vitro adherence model with HEp 2 cell.

H pylori infection and systemic antibodies to CagA and heat shock protein 60 in patients with coronary heart disease

AIM: To determine the overall prevalence of H pylori and CagA positive H pylori infection and the prevalence of other bacterial and viral causes of chronic infection in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), and the potential role of anti-heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60) anti- body response to these proteins in increasing the risk of CHD development. METHODS: Eighty patients with CHD and 160 controls were employed. We also compared the levels of anti- heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60) antibodies in the two groups. The H pylori infection and the CagA status were determined serologically, using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and a Western blotting method developed in our laboratory. Systemic antibodies to Hsp60 were determined by a sandwich ELISA, using a polyclonal antibody to Hsp60 to sensitise polystyrene plates and a commercially available human Hsp60 as an antigen. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of H pylori infec- tion was 78.7% (n = 63) in patients and 76.2% (n = 122) in controls (P = 0.07). Patients infected by CagA- positive (CagA+) H pylori strains were 71.4% (n = 45) vs 52.4% of infected controls (P = 0.030, OR = 2.27). Sys-temic levels of IgG to Hsp60 were increased in H pylori- negative patients compared with uninfected controls (P < 0.001) and CagA-positive infected patients compared with CagA-positive infected controls (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: CagA positive H pylori infection may concur to the development of CHD; high levels of anti- Hsp60 antibodies may constitute a marker and/or a con- comitant pathogenic factor of the disease.

Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: a primer on immunotherapy

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） has long been the gold standard treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Recently, there has been an emergence of novel immunotherapeutic agents, which have shown promise in the treatment of urothelial cell carcinoma. These agents aim to augment, modify, or enhance the immune response. Such strategies include recombinant BCG, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, gene therapy, and adoptive T-cell therapy. Here, we review the emerging immunotherapeutics in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.

Characterization of clarithromycin resistance in Malaysian isolates of Helicobacter pylori

AIM： To characterize the types of mutations present in the 23S rRNA genes of Malaysian isolates of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori （H pylorl~. METHODS： Clarithromycin susceptibility of H pylori isolates was determined by E test. Analyses for point mutations in the domain V of 23S rRNA genes in clarithromycin-resistant and -sensitive strains were performed by sequence analysis of amplified polymerase chain reaction products. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using Bsa I and MboI enzymes to detect restriction sites that correspond to the mutations in the clarithromycin- resistant strains. RESULTS： Of 187 isolates from 120 patients, four were resistant to clarithromycin, while 183 were sensitive. The MIC of the resistant strains ranged from 1.5 to 24 pg/mL. Two isolates had an A2142G mutation and another two had A2143G mutations. A T2182C mutation was detected in two out of four clarithromycin-resistant isolates and in 13 of 14 clarithromycin-sensitive isolates. Restriction enzyme analyses with Bsa I and Mbo I were able to detect the mutations. CONCLUSION： Clarithromycin resistance is an uncommon occurrence among Malaysian isolates of Hpylori strains and the mutations A2142G and A2143G detected were associated with low-level resistance.

Clinical role and importance of fluorescence in situ hybridization method in diagnosis of H pylori infection and determination of clarithromycin resistance in H pylori eradication therapy

H pylori is etiologically associated with gastritis, gas-tric and duodenal ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Eradicating H pylori may convert rapidly the outcome of related diseases with the use of more accurate diagnostic molecular tests. Indeed some of the tests cannot give the evidence of current infection; H pylori can be detected by noninvasive and invasive methods, the latter requiring an endoscopy. Eradication failure is a big problem in H pylori infection. Recently, clarithromycin resistance in H pylori strains is increasing and eradicati-on therapy of this bacterium is becoming more difficult. Molecular methods have frequently been applied besides phenotypic methods for susceptibility testing to detect clarithromycin resistance due to mutations in the 2143 and 2144 positions of 23S rRNA gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method on paraffin embedded tissue is a rapid, accurate and cost-effective method for the detection of H pylori infection and to determine clarithromycin resistance within three hours according to the gold standards as a non-culture method. This method can also be applied to fresh biopsy samples and the isolated colonies from a culture of H pylori, detecting both the culturable bacillary forms and the coccoid forms of H pylori, besides the paraffin embedded tissue secti-ons. This technique is helpful for determining the bac-terial density and the results of treatment where clarith-romycin has been widely used in populations to increase the efficacy of the treatment and to clarify the treatment failure in vitro.

Unrecognized pylephlebitis causing life-threatening septic shock: A case report

A man who developed profound septic shock was treated for Escherichia colisepsis of unknown origin. Following stabilisation, a diagnosis of pylephlebitis (infection and thrombosis in the portal vein) was made at computed tomography. A review of the condition, its primary causes,typical features, investigation and management was presented.

Fuzzy MADM Approach for Identification of Key Sectors of Tajikistan Economy

The development strategy, focused on the promotion of the efficient and prospective production sectors required for effectively solving social, economic and other problems becomes very important in resource allocation decision making process of developing countries. The structural hierarchy, comprising social, economic, technological and environmental aspects, which is involved in the selection of sectors constructed according to the hierarchical system of objectives. The Fuzzy Multi-attribute Decision Making method is used to rank the sectors by indicating the degree to which an alternative satisfies the global objectives of criteria obtained by aggregation operations in fuzzy environment. By applying the developed approach to defining and identifying the key sectors of an economy, we can rank the aggregated 17 sectors of the Tajikistan economy according to their degree of achievement in satisfying key criteria.

Significant decrease in prevalence ofHelicobacter pylori in the Czech Republic

AIM:To study possible decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) infection in the Czech Republic within a 10-year period.METHODS:A total of 22 centres entered the study.The catchment areas of these centres covered cities and towns with more than 20 000 inhabitants,smaller towns(≤ 20 000 inhabitants) with surrounding villages and rural areas,and were spread over the whole country,corresponding well to the geographical distribution of the Czech population.A total of 1 837 subjects(aged 5-98 years) took part in the study,randomly selected out of 38 147 people from the general population.H.pylori infection was investigated by means of a 13 C-urea breath test.Breath samples in duplicates were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry.The cut-off point was 3.5.Social and demographic characteristics were based on data from self-completed questionnaires.RESULTS:The overall prevalence of H.pylori infection was 23.5%(430/1826),and 4.8%(20/420) in children aged 15 or less.There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between males(24.3%;208/857) and females(22.9%,222/969,P = 0.494).H.pylori infection was strongly associated with higher age,among subjects aged 55+ years,prevalence of H.pylori infection was 39.8%(252/633,P < 0.001).The highest prevalence of H.pylori infection was found among persons aged 55-64 years(43.9%,97/221) and 75+ years(37.9%,58/153).Among study subjects aged 15+ years,prevalence of H.pylori infection was significantly increased in those with lowest education(odds risk 3.19,95% CI 1.87-5.47).Compared to never married(14.1%),the prevalence of H.pylori infection was statistically significantly higher among married(35.4%,246/694,P < 0.001),divorced(36.8%,49/133,P < 0.001) and widowed study subjects(40.2%,45/112,P < 0.001),both in minimally and fully adjusted analysis.There was no significant difference in the prevalence of H.pylori infection between married and widowed subjects(35.4%,246/694 vs 40.2%,45/112,P = 0.389).There was little variation in smoking prevalence across categories of smoking and there was no evidence of an increased risk ofH.pylori infection among current or past smokers in our data(odds risk 1.04 with 95% CI 0.78-1.40 for current smokers;odds ratio 0.83 with 95% CI 0.60-1.16 for former smokers).The current prevalence of H.pylori in 2011 was significantly lower compared to the prevalence reported from identical geographical areas in 2001(23.5%vs 41.7%,P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:The overall prevalence of H.pylori infection in the general population has fallen substantially in the Czech Republic over the past 10 years.

A method to improve PUF reliability in FPGAs

Due to the impact of voltage,temperature and device aging,the traditional ring oscillator-based physical unclonable functions(RO-PUF)suffers from a unreliability issue,i.e.,PUF output is subject to a constant change.To improve the reliability of the PUF,a stability test scheme related to the PUF mapping unit is proposed.The scheme uses ring oscillators with multiple complexity and various frequencies as sources of interference,which are placed near the PUF prototype circuit to interfere with it.By identifying and discarding unstable slices whichlead to t e instability of PUF,PUF reliability can be effectively improved.Experimental results show that surrounding logic circuits with multiple complexity and multiple frequencies can identify different unstable slices,a d the higher the complexity,t e more unstable slices are detected.Moreover,compared with newly published PUF literature,t e PUF cicuit possesses better statistical characteristic of randomness and lower resource consumption.W it temperatures varying from 0 to 120 t and voltage fluctuating between 0.85 and 1.2 V,its uniqueness and stability can achieve 49.78%a d 98.00%,respectively,which makes it better for use in t e field of security.

Cloning and Analysis of Calmodulin Gene from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

In order to understand the mechanisms of signal transduction and anti-desiccation mechanisms of Porphyra yezoensis, cDNA and its genomic sequence of Calmodulin gene (CaM) was cloned by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the analysis of P. yezoensis ESTs from dbEST database. The result shows that the full-length cDNA of CaM consists of 603 bps including an ORF encoding for 151 amino acids and a terminate codon UGA, while the length of genomic sequence is 1231 bps including 2 exons and 1 intron. The average GC content of the coding region is 58.77%, while the GC content of the third position of this gene is as high as 82.23%. Four Ca2+ binding sites (EF-hand) are found in this gene. The predicted molecular mass of the deduced peptide is 16688.72 Da and the pI is 4.222. By aligning with known CaM genes, the similarity of CaM gene sequence with homologous genes in Chlamydomonas incerta and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is 72.7% and 72.2% respectively, and the similarity of the deduced amino acid sequence of CaM gene with homologous genes in C. incerta and C. reinhardtii are both 71.5%. This is the first report on CaM from a species of Rhodophyta.

Allowable Generalized Quantum Gates Using Nonlinear Quantum Optics

In this paper, we give an efficient physical realization of a double-slit duality quantum gate. Weak cross- Kerr nonlinearity is exploited here. The probability of success can reach 1/2. Asymmetrical slit duality control gate also can be constructed conveniently. The special quantum control gate could be realized easily in optical system by our current experimental technology.

Nearly deterministic quantum Fredkin gate based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity

A scheme of an optical quantum Fredkin gate is presented based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity. By an auxiliary coherent state with the cross-Kerr nonlinearity effect, photons can interact with each other indirectly, and a non-demolition measurement for photons can be implemented. Combined with the homodyne detection, classical feedforward, polarization beam splitters and Pauli-X operations, a controlled-path gate is constructed. Furthermore, a quantum Fredkin gate is built based on the controlled-path gate. The proposed Fredkin gate is simple in structure and feasible by current experimental technology.

A noise cross PSD estimator for dual-microphone speech enhancement based on minimum statistics

Some two-microphone noise reduction techniques that work in the frequency domain exploit coherence function between two noisy signals. They have shown good results when noise signals on two sensors are uncorrelated, but their per-formance decreases with correlated noises. Coherence based methods can be improved when the cross power spectral density (CPSD) of correlated noise signals is available. In this paper, we propose a new method for estimation of the CPSD of the noise, which is based on the minimum tracking technique. Despite the fact that the proposed estimator does not need to implement a voice activity detector (VAD), its performance is comparable to a CPSD estimator that uses an ideal VAD.

FPGA based digital phase-coding quantum key distribution system

Quantum key distribution （QKD） is a technology with the potential capability to achieve information-theoretic security. Phase- coding is an important approach to develop practical QKD systems in fiber channel. In order to improve the phase-coding modulation rate, we proposed a new digital-modulation method in this paper and constructed a compact and robust prototype of QKD system using currently available components in our lab to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The system was deployed in laboratory environment over a 50 km fiber and continuously operated during 87 h without manual interaction. The quantum bit error rate （QBER） of the system was stable with an average value of 3.22% and the secure key generation rate is 8.91 kbps. Although the modulation rate of the photon in the derno system was only 200 MHz, which was limited by the Faraday- Michelson interferometer （FMI） structure, the proposed method and the field programmable gate array （FPGA） based electronics scheme have a great potential for high speed QKD systems with Giga-bits/second modulation rate.

The structure of Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System and the large gas provinces

Northward subduction of the Cenozoic Tethys ocean caused the convergence and collision of Eurasia-Indian Plates, resulting in the lower crust thickening, the upper crust thrusting, and the Qinghai-Tibet uplifting, and forming the plateau landscape. In company with uplifting and northward extruding of the Tibetan plateau, the contractional tectonic deformations persistently spread outward, building a gigantic basin-range system around the Tibetan plateau. This system is herein termed as the Cir- cure-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System, in which the global largest diffuse and the most energetic intra-continental defor- mations were involved, and populations of inheritance foreland basins or thrust belts were developed along the margins of an- cient cratonic plates due to the effects of the cratonic amalgamation, crust differentiation, orogen rejuvenation, and basin sub- sidence. There are three primary tectonic units in the Circum-Tibet Plateau Basin-Range System, which are the reactivated an- cient orogens, the foreland thrust belts, and the miniature cratonic basins. The Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System is a gigantic deformation system and particular Himalayan tectonic domain in central-western China and is comparable to the Tibetan Plateau. In this system, northward and eastward developments of thrust deformations exhibit an arc-shaped area along the Kunlun-Altyn-Qilian-Longmenshan mountain belts, and further expand outward to the Altai-Yinshan-Luliangshan- Huayingshan mountain belts during the Late Cenozoic sustained collision of Indo-Asia. Intense intra-continental deformations lead ancient orogens to rejuvenate, young foreland basins to form in-between orogens and cratons, and thrusts to propagate from orogens to cratons in successive order. Driven by the Eurasia-Indian collision and its far field effects, both deformation and basin-range couplings in the arc-shaped area decrease from south to north. When a single basin-range unit is focused on, deformations become younger and younger together with more and more simple structural styles from piedmonts to craton in- teriors. In the Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System, it presents three segmented tectonic deformational patterns： prop- agating in the west, growth-overthrusting in the middle, and slip-uplifting in the east. For natural gas exploration, two tectonic units, both the Paleozoic cratonic basins and the Cenozoic foreland thrust belts, are important because hydrocarbon in cen- tral-western China is preserved mainly in the Paleozoic cratonic paleo-highs and the Meso-Cenozoic foreland thrust belts, to- gether with characteristics of multiphrase hydrocarbon generation but late accumulation and enrichment.