从场域与惯习看乡村“问神”现象

民间信仰作为社会的基底文化,深深植根于民族文化的沃壤之中,广泛地影响和支配着人们日常生活的各个方面,并有着丰富的文化内涵。有关汉族民间信仰的研究,近年来国内已取得了一批丰硕的成果,具有一定的研究基础,但以布迪厄的"场域"和"惯习"为视角开展的研究却是少之又少。文章基于布迪厄的"场域"与"惯习"理论在社会学研究中具有重要的方法论意义,对乡村的"问神"现象做更深层次的研究。

从“问神”浅谈民间宗教信仰的功能

本文从笔者对民间问神的形式以及问神的目的，作了简单叙述。由问神作为一种重要的民间宗教文化的表现形式这个侧面出发进行简单地分析并探讨其内在功能。

神七问天

多少次，人们仰望茫茫宇宙默默沉思；多少次，人们梦想着能够在浩瀚太空潇洒漫步；多少次，人们渴盼再次到苍穹书写航天史光辉的一页……太多太多的梦幻，太多太多的期盼，这一切的一切，终于有了一个满意的答案。

先秦记言制的形成及其演变

先秦时代是一个崇尚立言也善于记言的时代。商周时代君权神授的政治形态及初具规模的汉字和"作册"史官的产生,共同促生了以"代天立言"为主要特征、以人神卜问和君臣诰命为主要内容"记言"制的正式形成与兴盛;春秋时期以承传王官之学为使命的各国有识之士以其积极的参政议政、献言献策等立言匡政方式对当时现实政治产生了直接或间接的重大影响,从而显称于世,由此形成了春秋时期的另一突出特征,即"君子弘道"。

Mean Field Annealing Neural Network for the Optimal DS/CDMA Multiuser Detector *

In this paper, an optimal multi user detector in DS/CDMA communication systems based on the mean field annealing (MFA) neural network is proposed. It is shown that the NP complete problem of minimizing the objective function of the optimal multi user detector can be translated into minimizing an MFA network energy function. Numerical results show that the proposed detector offers significant performance gain relative to the conventional detector and decorrelating detector while it can be implemented easily in analog hardware.

Hopfield neural network based on ant system

Hopfield neural network is a single layer feedforward neural network. Hopfield network requires some control parameters to be carefully selected, else the network is apt to converge to local minimum. An ant system is a nature inspired meta heuristic algorithm. It has been applied to several combinatorial optimization problems such as Traveling Salesman Problem, Scheduling Problems, etc. This paper will show an ant system may be used in tuning the network control parameters by a group of cooperated ants. The major advantage of this network is to adjust the network parameters automatically, avoiding a blind search for the set of control parameters. This network was tested on two TSP problems, 5 cities and 10 cities. The results have shown an obvious improvement.

Development and validation of the Nurse’s Workplace Mental Health Questionnaire

Objectives:This study aimed to develop and validate the Nurse’sWorkplace Mental Health Questionnaire(NWMHQ).Methods:The questionnaire was developed based on the two continua model of mental illness and health proposed by Keyes.The initial questionnaire was generated through literature review,two rounds of Delphi expert consultation,followed by a pilot survey.Finally,the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were validated through an online survey of 2,815 registered nurses selected from the public hospitals in 11 provinces from June to July 2020.Results:The item-content validity index(I-CVI)of the questionnaire ranged from 0.750 to 1.000 and the average scale-level content validity index(S-CVI/Ave)was 0.906.Cronbach’s a coefficient was 0.948 and test-retest reliability was 0.850.The self-rating depression scale score was negatively related to the NWMHQ score(r=0.664,P<0.01).The exploratory factor analysis(EFA)yielded six factors(emotional status,psychological security,positive relationship,resilience,self-efficacy,and subjective well-being),consisting of 32 items.The cumulative variance contribution rate was 65.58%.Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)showed an acceptable fit.Conclusion:The NWMHQ developed in this study showed good reliability and validity.This questionnaire may help assess the mental health status of nurses and help nursing managers to develop appropriate targeted psychological interventions.

Mental health service to military retired cadres

Military retired cadres were commonly in aged period with high-incidence of diseases. They were troubled with senility, illness, empty-nest syndrome and spouse-bereft, so they were more vulnerable to some psychological problems. Therefore, promoting the mental health service for retired cadres should be highly concerned and more professional service work should be provided to them.

Noisy Chaotic Neural Network for Resource Allocation in High-Speed Train OFDMA System

High-speed train communication system is a typical high-mobility wireless communication network. Resource allocation problem has a great impact on the system performance. However, conventional resource allocation approaches in cellular network cannot be directly applied to this kind of special communication environment. A multidomain resource allocation strategy was proposed in the orthogonal frequency-division multiple access(OFDMA) of high-speed. By analyzing the effect of Doppler shift, sub-channels, antennas, time slots and power were jointly considered to maximize the energy efficiency under the constraint of total transmission power. For the purpose of reducing the computational complexity, noisy chaotic neural network algorithm was used to solve the above optimization problem. Simulation results showed that the proposed resource allocation method had a better performance than the traditional strategy.

Psychotherapy with American Indians

American Indians are a substantial minority in both the United States and Canada and present with a disproportionate share of mental health and behavioral health problems. While a large proportion of the native population resides on reservations that are self-managed and have few non-Indian residents, professional health services are mostly provided by clinicians from the dominant culture. The essay tries to highlight specific historical, sociological, and cultural variables the clinician must be aware of to work effectively in this setting. Particular emphasis is placed on using a flexible, eclectic approach, and a case vignette is included to illustrate the principle.

Dispositional Trait, Discrete Emotion, and Occupational Commitment

Accompanied by growing dispatched workers in workplace, occupational commitment is more important than ever. Despite the importance of understanding the emotional aspects of occupational commitment, previous research has paid less attention to the role of emotion in occupational commitment. This article attempts to fill this gap by examining the relationship between dispositional trait and occupational commitment. The study examined how two dispositional traits-neuroticism and extroversion-influence occupational commitment through the linking of two discrete emotions including fear and enthusiasm. A survey study with questionnaires was conducted and sample consisted of 144 respondents from the home carers in Taiwan. The predictions were then tested through the SEM approach, with acceptable fit resulted. Results showed that enthusiasm mediated the effect of extroversion on occupational commitment but fear partially mediated the impact of neuroticism on occupational commitment. These findings suggest that workers with distinguish dispositional trait have different occupational commitment, supporting the mediating role of discrete emotion on the relationship between dispositional trait and occupational commitment.

The applying of BP network in forecasting the demand and its growth rate for coal

Based on the statistical data from 1975 to 1997, we forecast the growth rate of coal consuming and the quantity in coming decade with the BP neuron network in the article.

Stuck with the Sur-face： An Ethical Approach to Facial Disfigurement in Willa Cather＇s ＂The Profile＂

The human face consists of three dimensions： （1） the visible, static sur-face, （2） the mobile dimension, which communicates thoughts, emotions, and states of mind, and （3） the invisible dimension, the face aspars-pro-toto for the whole person who owns the face. In this latter sense, the human face is at the center of Emmanuel Levinas＇ theory of ethics： We encounter each other face-to-face, he argues, and it is the other＇s face that calls for my ethical response to the holiness of his/her wholeness and essence. The primary ethical imperative is： ＂Thou shalt not kill.＂ When we encounter a facially disfigured person, we usually fail to respond ethically because we concentrate on the disfigurement. The second dimension, as a result of the disfigurement, is often impaired and thus incapable of communicating in such a way that we can ＂read＂ the face. With our gaze fixed on the disfigured part of the face, we lose sight of the person as a whole. Metaphorically speaking, we could even say that we ＂kill＂ the person. Levinas conceives of the other＇s face not in its plastic manifestation. But the encounter with the other does at first take place as embodiment. According to Merleau-Ponty, this encounter is by definition interactive and dialogical. In Willa Cather＇s short story ＂The Profile,＂ young beautiful Virginia marries a portrait painter after he has finished her portrait in profile. The left side of her face is severely disfigured because of a burn. Her husband is waiting impatiently for her to talk about ＂it＂ and the suffering it must cause her in order to ＂heal＂ her with his love, but she behaves as if it did not exist and even likes to dress extravagantly. In the following analysis of the short story, it will be illustrated how the husband fails to respond to his wife＇s face＇s invitation to interact with it and get in touch with the wholeness of her person that it stands for. Instead, he reduces her to the disfigurement. When he finally names the scar, he metaphorically ＂kills＂ her, as well as their marriage.

Media Influence Over the Transformation of Stigma Toward Depression in Japan

in Japan, the number of depression patients has markedly increased over the last 10 years, and depression is now a major social concern. Moreover, there are concerns that patients with depression are not always seeking the treatment they need, in part due to the stigma associated with the illness. Despite of increasing public awareness of depression, the stigma has not lessened, but has changed in form. Previous studies report that depression which was once viewed as a special psychiatric illness is now viewed as a ＂common＂ mental illness. The author, too, believes that the nature of the stigmatization has changed in recent years to become more complex and ultimately continues to present a barrier to treatment for people with depression. This study aims to explore how the stigmatization has changed by examining one specific aspect in society that may have contributed to this change, namely, the media＇s portrayal of depression. The author presents and discusses clear examples of how the Japanese media＇s portrayals of depression have changed, particularly over the last 20 to 30 years, and discusses how media influence could have contributed to the shifts in stigmatization, with reference to labeling theory and growing social isolation.

Follow the Open Source Road： Contemplating the Ethics of the New Information Ecology

The evolutionary complexity of modem media systems represents an area of research that would benefit from further description and debate. In order to better understand the challenges and considerations associated with the new, constantly changing media ecology, a more holistic worldview must be catapulted to the forefront of the collective discussion. To that effect, the following essay examines the open source software movement from the philosophical perspective of Tibetan Buddhism. Using the principles of interconnectedness, impermanence, and the illusory nature of self and reality, all fundamental elements of Buddhist philosophy, this discussion provides a renewed framework for exploring the ethical implications of open sourcing. A review of Buddhist teachings, coupled with literature from foundational media theorists such as Neil Postman and Marshall and Eric McLuhan, will set the stage for contemplating the ethics of the modem information ecology, epitomized by the collaborative spirit and community connections of open source software.

Neural network method for solving elastoplastic finite element problems

A basic optimization principle of Artificial Neural Network—the Lagrange Programming Neural Network (LPNN) model for solving elastoplastic finite element problems is presented. The nonlinear problems of mechanics are represented as a neural network based optimization problem by adopting the nonlinear function as nerve cell transfer function. Finally, two simple elastoplastic problems are numerically simulated. LPNN optimization results for elastoplastic problem are found to be comparable to traditional Hopfield neural network optimization model.

Modeling approaches to pressure balance dynamic system in shield tunneling

In order to deal with modeling problem of a pressure balance system with time-delay, nonlinear, time-varying and uncertain characteristics, an intelligent modeling procedure is proposed, which is based on artificial neural network(ANN) and input-output data of the system during shield tunneling and can overcome the precision problem in mechanistic modeling(MM) approach. The computational results show that the training algorithm with Gauss-Newton optimization has fast convergent speed. The experimental investigation indicates that, compared with mechanistic modeling approach, intelligent modeling procedure can obviously increase the precision in both soil pressure fitting and forecasting period. The effectiveness and accuracy of proposed intelligent modeling procedure are verified in laboratory tests.

Pharmaceuticalization and Biomedicalization： An Examination of Problems Relating to Depression in Japan

The growing number of people suffering from depression has become a social problem in Japan. The problems associated with depression in Japan have been influenced by the pharmaceuticalization of mental health. Since selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were introduced to Japan＇s pharmaceutical market in 1999, demand for anti-depressant medications has rapidly expanded. It seems likely then that the efforts of pharmaceutical companies, as part of their marketing strategies, to increase people＇s awareness of mental illness have led people who are not actually depressed to have medical consultations and drug treatments for it. This phenomenon is known as ＂disease mongering＂ and has been reported on. Problems exist from the medical perspective also and include the following： expansion of the diagnostic criteria for depression as formulated in the American Psychiatric Association＇s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; treatments that rely heavily on drugs; and biomedicalization. Another reason for the increase in medical consultations is the declining function of communal bodies. This has resulted in individuals struggling psychologically, for example, with anxiety, worry, and depression. In summary, this sociological research analyzed the problems of depression in ｜apan and revealed how the pharmaceuticalization of mental health accelerates the individualization of social problem.

DPRK Nuclear Issue:Non-proliferation or Strategic Game?

Out of concern over nuclear weapons proliferation,the worry over DPRK nuclear testing is overwrought.The author sees the situation from the viewpoint of a geopolitical game in a non-proliferation mask.To attempt a geopolitical game using non-proliferation is wrongly directed,but this is the main reason the issue fluctuates and deadlocks occasionally.To solve the situation once and for all,the international community needs to recognize its geopolitical nature and cure the problem accordingly.Since DPRK leader Kim Jong-Un crossed the border April 27 to meet South Korean President Moon Jae-in,the destiny of the Korean Peninsula is,as it should be,in the hands of the Koreans,not Chinese or Americans.

Obstacles Facing the Implementation of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging （fMRI） of Brain in Jeddah City

fMRI （Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging） is a relatively new technique that uses MRI （Magnetic Resonance Imaging） to measure the hemodynamic response （change in blood flow） related to neural activity in the brain. This paper aims to explore and identify the obstacles facing the implementation and applications of IMRI in radiology departments within Jeddah city by analyzing related data received by direct questionnaires and interviews with all the people working in MRI units in Jeddah city and finds that the major obstacle is lacking of awareness of fMRI among medical professionals and their training.