中国语言学的三大体系建设:缘起、内涵与路径

“三大体系”建设是当代中国的重大历史命题。对于中国语言学的“三大体系”建设来说,探寻“中国语言学之问”的答案或许是开启建设大门的钥匙。现代中国语言学跟其他许多学科一样,基本上是西学东渐的产物,是对西方中心主义学术体系内化的结果。中国与西方在语言学上的不同,根本上是由中西方的哲学传统和社会结构决定的。随着中国综合国力的提升和理论自信的增强,中国语言学人亟需跳出西方范式的视界,转而从中国语言现象本身、立足中国语言生活国情来进行观察、描写和解释。向世界学习,但不是西方或其他方理论的简单复制或套用;建中国自信,但不能故步自封、自我陶醉。在当下这个世界体系深刻调整变化的新时代,中国的学术、中国的语言学研究需要把握大势、深刻思考,放眼国际、立足中国,自觉地从本土的经验和学术研究中建构出与中国语言和中国国情相和谐的原创性思想,扎实推进中国语言学的“三大体系”建设,从而为中国哲学社会科学的发展和两个命运共同体建设做出应有贡献。

讯问中预审员对被告人心理的影响

讯问是预审的基本活动,在这活动中,预审员与被告人是相互对立的两个主体,两者之间存在着尖锐复杂的面对面的交锋,从某种意义上讲,讯问是一场斗智斗谋的心理战,斗争的结局在一定程度上影响被告人的前途和命运。因此,被告人在接受讯问的过程中,他的心理无时不受各种因素的刺激,而预审人员做为国家法律的执行者。

语言:由“此岸”通向“彼岸”的符号阶梯——宗教与语言关系概说

语言是构成宗教观念十分重要的各种主要因素之一。语言是意识形成的因素,是思维不可或缺的工具,语言“在观念上充当物质”。语言把人的意识成果以物质的形式固定下来,从而在人的头脑中形成明晰的观念,使思想得以形成。语言的“能指”和“所指”之间的矛盾,以及符号“能指”的任意性、多义性,往往造成人思想上的混乱,使人想入非非,这为宗教观念的产生提供了可能。而宗教也对语言及其发展有着特殊的贡献,不仅最早的语言研究发端于宗教,而且宗教对语言的传播和发展以及规范等方面都起到了一定的作用。因此,宗教与语言的关系十分密切,也十分特殊,将这两个研究学科有机地结合起来并进行深入研究势在必行。

委婉语的语用分析

委婉语是一种社会语言现象,也是人们在交际过程中为营造和谐气氛,确保语言交际顺利进行的一种常见言语手段。本文试从语用研究的一些基本理论来分析委婉语,探讨委婉语与语言的间接性与礼貌原则的关系。

预审阶段疑难案件对策初探

近年来,预审部门的疑难案件呈上升趋势,一些案子虽疑窦丛生,却无从查证,陷入久审不开,久押不决的窘境,牵制了公安机关的警力,影响了"严打"的实效和预审职能的发挥。为此,开展疑难案件对策的研究和探讨,强化对付此类案件的功坚、突破能力,是摆在我们预审办案人员面前的一项紧迫任务。

农村盗窃团伙案件的审理实践

我县是一个农业大县,盛产粮棉油,农业人口达四十六万之多,占全县总人口92％以上。据统计,每年农村人口中的盗窃案件在全年受理案件中,都居首位,占到案件总数的60％—75％以上。而盗窃团伙案件,近年来逐年上升,且成员越来越多,成员组合越来越复杂,审讯难度越来越大。1991年受理盗窃团伙案8案23人,1992年受理9案25人,1993年受理11案35人。

A Re-investigation of the Concept of Word Classes Through a Categorization Approach

The concept of word classes （parts of speech） has always generated controversy among linguists. The earlier Prescriptive and Descriptive Schools might have set the pace for this controversy but the present dilemma is much deeper. Learners and even teachers are sometimes at quandary as to how to proof that a particular word belongs to a particular class. This is because a word may sometimes belong to several classes, in context as in the word ＂watch＂ which can belong to different classes. This paper therefore tries to provide answers to the problem of word class classification by using a morphological and syntactical evidence to prove that English words follow a particular range of inflections and belong to strictly ordered particular categories and do not change their class arbitrarily. This is in line with the natural perfect order of homogeneity in creation which precludes a specie from merging effectively with another specie without having to undergo some fundamental changes. Other variables were also looked into and it was concluded that teachers and learners as well, can rely on this sub-categorization approach as a reliable paradigm for their assumptions concerning word classes.

A survey of deep learning-based visual question answering

With the warming up and continuous development of machine learning,especially deep learning,the research on visual question answering field has made significant progress,with important theoretical research significance and practical application value.Therefore,it is necessary to summarize the current research and provide some reference for researchers in this field.This article conducted a detailed and in-depth analysis and summarized of relevant research and typical methods of visual question answering field.First,relevant background knowledge about VQA(Visual Question Answering)was introduced.Secondly,the issues and challenges of visual question answering were discussed,and at the same time,some promising discussion on the particular methodologies was given.Thirdly,the key sub-problems affecting visual question answering were summarized and analyzed.Then,the current commonly used data sets and evaluation indicators were summarized.Next,in view of the popular algorithms and models in VQA research,comparison of the algorithms and models was summarized and listed.Finally,the future development trend and conclusion of visual question answering were prospected.

From Different Thinking Discussing the Principles of Intercultural Translation

Translation, in the traditional notion, is only a conversion between two languages, ignoring the cultural issues. In fact, the greatest difficulties translator encounter in the process is not the language, but the culture. Translation itself is a product of exchanges between different cultures. Translation is passing through a cross-cultural. In the process of language communication, people in two different countries or nationalities can communicate with each other; it not only depends on their understanding of the language itself, but also depends on their cultural understanding of language.

Court Sight Translation From Text-Linguistic Approach

Court interpreting as a type of dialogue or liaison interpreting has recently drawn an increasing level of attention in a variety of disciplines, including legal science, applied linguistics, and translation studies. Amongst discussions relevant to court interpreting, the area of sight translation has yet to be emphasized, despite its importance to the outcome of a trial. In this study I first had observations of court interpreting activities on several occasions. Based on these observations, I then formulated a questionnaire and distributed it to 86 interpreters in two training workshops organized by the Taiwan High Court in 2013. The key findings are as follows： most interpreters consider sight translation to be more difficult than other forms of interpretation in the courtroom; while conducting sight translation many interpreters pause in order to seek clarification or are interrupted; most interpreters would prefer the judge or the prosecutor to orally summarize the text to be sight translated; and, after ＂negotiation,＂ most practitioners tend to lower the level of formality when dealing with a text written in a formal style. These findings imply that interpreters conducting sight translation render a translation through ＂negotiation＂ with other participants of the activity; this negotiation can be seen as an attempt to build a ＂context＂ from the perspective of liaison interpreting. This study intends to raise the awareness of court interpreters regarding a number of key issues in sight translation, and the results are hoped to be conducive to the future study of other types of liaison interpreting and interpreting as a whole.

Considerations on Speaking Skills： Essence of Learning and Teaching Speaking

Acquisition of speaking Turkish students since skills is among the most essential language skills for students currently, especially among language competency is measured through speaking. Every language learner desires to acquire correct communicative skills and fluency in speaking, while teachers aim to give the necessary education in speaking, as well. This study reveals the essence of acquiring speaking competency for learners, and how important it is to teach speaking skills with correct methods and methodology. With the questionnaire analysis on Turkish students and teachers at a Turkish university, the theoretical knowledge on ＂essence＂ is blended with the questionnaire results provided from students and teachers in order to emphasize the necessity and reach more practical solutions for the current need of learning and teaching speaking.

Second Language Repertoires Reflecting on Teaching IsiXhosa to Medical Students

The Language Policy for Higher Education （2002） and University of Cape Town＇s Language Plan （2001） suggest that language is central to our social and academic engagement at every level： to our communication with those around us, to our learning, and to our identities. The purpose of this paper is to show how the medical school, after making progress towards implementing the University of Cape Town＇s Language Plan of 2001, is compelled to encourage isiXhosa language developers to develop the necessary and relevant vocabulary responding to the needs of the target users. In some cases, there is a need to adopt terms that are already available and being used by the speech community to align them in the curriculum. Research conducted by analyzing field notes, having plenary discussions with students, observations during clinical practice, reflecting on the curriculum and study materials material. Results indicated the significance of teaching isiXhosa drawing from the medical jargon understood amongst patients, doctors, and nurses. This paper discusses the status enjoyed by isiXhosa to date, language teaching and teaching matters pertaining to isiXhosa, and reflection on whether there is benefit in learning isiXhosa.

A Research of the Silent Class in Senior English Instruction in China

There have been great improvements in English teaching in China since the adoption of the New National English Curriculum, however, there are still some problems in western Sichuan province in China. Silent class is found through the author＇s observation of some English lessons in some senior schools. This paper analyzes the situation of classroom interaction in English teaching in southwestern China and explores the reasons of silent class based on the analysis of the statistics drawn from questionnaires. The reasons are illustrated from three perspectives： teacher-centered class, exercises-based teaching, and learners＇ instrument learning motivation. The author suggests some proposals to solve the problems, such as changes of teachers＇ roles, creation of stress-free learning environment, and use of task-based teaching, which aims to make teachers consider using interactive language teaching to cultivate learners＇ whole abilities and to improve the efficiency of teaching and learning.

An Empirical Analysis of Learning and Teaching English as a Second Language： The Chinese Perspective

This research venture investigates the trends and motives behind the English learning as a second language. The author has used the Chinese binoculars to probe into the phenomenon of English learning and teaching. English language has become an international tool of communication and business. Professional and students at China's Mainland have been learning English since long but this trend has been increased in the recent years due to the wave of globalization and also owing to the enormous emerging economy of China. Internationalization of education and the quest of knowing the culture and civilizations have spurred the need for English learning. The authors have performed a questionnaire based research with the sample of 130 university students learning Chinese at different English learning institutes at Xi＇an, Shanxi, China. The analysis of the findings in this research highlights the reasons behind the growing trends of English learning and also describes the teaching methodology for effective language teaching in the Chinese perspective.