China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship bet...China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship between the built environment and activity-travel behavior.This paper draws upon data from an activity diary survey conducted in Beijing in 2007.The survey sample comprised 652 residents living in Danwei(work unit),commodity housing,and affordable housing neighborhoods.On the basis of the three-dimensional geo-visualization analysis of the space-time path and statistical multivariate regression models of daily travel and leisure time,it was found that both residential spatial factors and socio-demographics influence residents' daily behaviors.The findings show that Danwei residents have less daily travel time than those who live in commodity housing,but people living in affordable housing endure the longest travel time.Daily leisure time is associated more with individual attributes.We argue that although China's transition is currently gradual,the Danwei system may continue to play significant roles in daily life,and it might provide a valuable model for neighborhood spatial planning.展开更多
Purpose： This paper responds to the question, is exercise medicine？ It does so using a qualitative case study that proposes that exercise is recreation. The study （1） describes and reflects upon an exercise is rec...Purpose： This paper responds to the question, is exercise medicine？ It does so using a qualitative case study that proposes that exercise is recreation. The study （1） describes and reflects upon an exercise is recreation metaphor, （2） establishes the principles and processes used to develop a sport park within which exercise is recreation, and （3） presents a comparative analysis of the exercise is recreation approach with a UK quality framework for ＂exercise referrals＂. Methods： Four years of documentation were collated and placed into 14 categories： （1） university strategies, （2） plans of the site, （3） policy documents, （4） minutes of a steering group, （5） contemporary documents, （6） organisational charts, （7） responses to local government policies on sport, （8） consultation documents, （9） operational procedures, （10） facility specifications, （11） partnership agreements, （12） material relating to the university＇s work on events, （13） notes on the universities sport department, and （14） timetables. These data were analysed through a 4-stage process which used recreation as the analytical theme for a comparative analysis. Results： The characteristics of the exercise is recreation metaphor in this case are （1） a focus on the experience of the user, （2） the promotion of well-being, （3） the importance of community, （4） embracing inclusivity, （5） sport, （6） aesthetics, and （7） leisure time. The principles and processes used to develop the sport park were （1） custodianship, （2） partnerships, （3） values, （4） inter-professional working, （5） local heritage, （6） change, （7） the natural park environment, and （8） ＂riding the bike as you build it＂. The comparative analysis with a UK quality framework for ＂exercise referrals＂ clearly shows a difference from an exercise is recreation approach. Conclusion： Exercise is recreation and may enable individuals and communities to reach a state of well-being. ~ 2016 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40671058,41071102)National'TwelfthFive-Year'Plan for Science and Technology Support(No.2012BAJ 05B04)
文摘China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy has resulted in many changes in its urban structure and society and provided an opportunity for a quasi-longitudinal case study on the relationship between the built environment and activity-travel behavior.This paper draws upon data from an activity diary survey conducted in Beijing in 2007.The survey sample comprised 652 residents living in Danwei(work unit),commodity housing,and affordable housing neighborhoods.On the basis of the three-dimensional geo-visualization analysis of the space-time path and statistical multivariate regression models of daily travel and leisure time,it was found that both residential spatial factors and socio-demographics influence residents' daily behaviors.The findings show that Danwei residents have less daily travel time than those who live in commodity housing,but people living in affordable housing endure the longest travel time.Daily leisure time is associated more with individual attributes.We argue that although China's transition is currently gradual,the Danwei system may continue to play significant roles in daily life,and it might provide a valuable model for neighborhood spatial planning.
文摘Purpose： This paper responds to the question, is exercise medicine？ It does so using a qualitative case study that proposes that exercise is recreation. The study （1） describes and reflects upon an exercise is recreation metaphor, （2） establishes the principles and processes used to develop a sport park within which exercise is recreation, and （3） presents a comparative analysis of the exercise is recreation approach with a UK quality framework for ＂exercise referrals＂. Methods： Four years of documentation were collated and placed into 14 categories： （1） university strategies, （2） plans of the site, （3） policy documents, （4） minutes of a steering group, （5） contemporary documents, （6） organisational charts, （7） responses to local government policies on sport, （8） consultation documents, （9） operational procedures, （10） facility specifications, （11） partnership agreements, （12） material relating to the university＇s work on events, （13） notes on the universities sport department, and （14） timetables. These data were analysed through a 4-stage process which used recreation as the analytical theme for a comparative analysis. Results： The characteristics of the exercise is recreation metaphor in this case are （1） a focus on the experience of the user, （2） the promotion of well-being, （3） the importance of community, （4） embracing inclusivity, （5） sport, （6） aesthetics, and （7） leisure time. The principles and processes used to develop the sport park were （1） custodianship, （2） partnerships, （3） values, （4） inter-professional working, （5） local heritage, （6） change, （7） the natural park environment, and （8） ＂riding the bike as you build it＂. The comparative analysis with a UK quality framework for ＂exercise referrals＂ clearly shows a difference from an exercise is recreation approach. Conclusion： Exercise is recreation and may enable individuals and communities to reach a state of well-being. ~ 2016 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.
