The sources of marine oil spills are mainly from accidents of marine oil tankers or freighters, marine oil-drilling platforms, marine oil pipelines, marine oilfields, terrestrial pollution, oil-bearing atmosphere, and...The sources of marine oil spills are mainly from accidents of marine oil tankers or freighters, marine oil-drilling platforms, marine oil pipelines, marine oilfields, terrestrial pollution, oil-bearing atmosphere, and offshore oil production equipment. It is concluded upon analysis that there are two main reasons for marine oil spills: (I) The motive for huge economic benefits of oil industry owners and oil shipping agents far surpasses their sense of ecological risks. (II) Marine ecological safety has not become the main concern of national security. Oil spills are disasters because humans spare no efforts to get economic benefits from oil. The present paper draws another conclusion that marine ecological damage caused by oil spills can be roughly divided into two categories: damage to marine resource value (direct value) and damage to marine ecosystem service value (indirect value). Marine oil spills cause damage to marine biological, fishery, seawater, tourism and mineral resources to various extents, which contributes to the lower quality and value of marine resources.展开更多
Due to their limited resources, budgets and their high sensitivity to costs, when Small and Medium Enterprises （SMEs） take the first step into implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning （ERP） system, they need t...Due to their limited resources, budgets and their high sensitivity to costs, when Small and Medium Enterprises （SMEs） take the first step into implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning （ERP） system, they need to think about many things, foremost the cost of adoption. Literature suggests that most ERP implementations fail due to inaccurate and optimistic budget and schedule estimations, as well as, anticipating indirect costs beforehand is problematic. With the deficiency of a clear model of cost factors for ERP adoptions, ERP adoptions face high risks of failure. Failures could be caused by several factors, but the scope of this research is focused on identifying, exploring, and validating a comprehensive list of ERP adoption cost factors. This could aid SMEs in visualizing the different expected costs, and would consequently assist in better future cost management and estimations. There has been plenty of research in ERP; however, a clear gap in ERP cost identification, management, and estimation exists. This paper focuses on identifying direct and indirect cost factors that influence total costs in the ERP adoption process. The paper presents a cost list that has been developed through literature and an ERP expert panel. Furthermore, this study validates the costs list through interviews with different stakeholders within ERP adoption projects in Egypt.展开更多
基金supported by the Academy of Ocean of China (No. AOCQN200812)part of the results of the scientific research project entitled ‘The Legal Issues on the Ecological Damage Caused by Marine Oil Spills
文摘The sources of marine oil spills are mainly from accidents of marine oil tankers or freighters, marine oil-drilling platforms, marine oil pipelines, marine oilfields, terrestrial pollution, oil-bearing atmosphere, and offshore oil production equipment. It is concluded upon analysis that there are two main reasons for marine oil spills: (I) The motive for huge economic benefits of oil industry owners and oil shipping agents far surpasses their sense of ecological risks. (II) Marine ecological safety has not become the main concern of national security. Oil spills are disasters because humans spare no efforts to get economic benefits from oil. The present paper draws another conclusion that marine ecological damage caused by oil spills can be roughly divided into two categories: damage to marine resource value (direct value) and damage to marine ecosystem service value (indirect value). Marine oil spills cause damage to marine biological, fishery, seawater, tourism and mineral resources to various extents, which contributes to the lower quality and value of marine resources.
文摘Due to their limited resources, budgets and their high sensitivity to costs, when Small and Medium Enterprises （SMEs） take the first step into implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning （ERP） system, they need to think about many things, foremost the cost of adoption. Literature suggests that most ERP implementations fail due to inaccurate and optimistic budget and schedule estimations, as well as, anticipating indirect costs beforehand is problematic. With the deficiency of a clear model of cost factors for ERP adoptions, ERP adoptions face high risks of failure. Failures could be caused by several factors, but the scope of this research is focused on identifying, exploring, and validating a comprehensive list of ERP adoption cost factors. This could aid SMEs in visualizing the different expected costs, and would consequently assist in better future cost management and estimations. There has been plenty of research in ERP; however, a clear gap in ERP cost identification, management, and estimation exists. This paper focuses on identifying direct and indirect cost factors that influence total costs in the ERP adoption process. The paper presents a cost list that has been developed through literature and an ERP expert panel. Furthermore, this study validates the costs list through interviews with different stakeholders within ERP adoption projects in Egypt.
