作为认识对象的智力是一种客观的存在,它通过人们的外显行为而表现出来。智力测验为我们提供了一种了解智力的手段,然而从作为一种客观存在的智力到智力测验所测得的智力分数需经历多次转换,因此 IQ 测验分数所代表的"智力"...作为认识对象的智力是一种客观的存在,它通过人们的外显行为而表现出来。智力测验为我们提供了一种了解智力的手段,然而从作为一种客观存在的智力到智力测验所测得的智力分数需经历多次转换,因此 IQ 测验分数所代表的"智力"只能部分地反映其实的智力。本文着重对这些转换过程进行分析,指出智力研究中的间接性特征,并在此基础上提出:IQ 量表既不是测量智力的唯一方法,也不是万能的方法,不能盲目相信 IQ 测验的分数,更不能滥用 IQ 测验。展开更多
Construction of road infrastructure is fundamental to city operation and development, as well as an important pathway and focus in physical urban-rural integration. The long-term implementation of a system of ring roa...Construction of road infrastructure is fundamental to city operation and development, as well as an important pathway and focus in physical urban-rural integration. The long-term implementation of a system of ring roads plus radiating roads in Beijing has strongly impacted urban infrastructure construction and space-time accessibility. Particularly, recent rapid growth of private car ownership in Beijing has imposed greater loads on its road system, seriously hampering urban commuting efficiency and negatively impacting quality of life. To address such challenges and enhance the rapid development of transport infrastructure, Beijing has accelerated rail transit construction since 2008 in an effort to improve commuting capacity. This paper aims to measure time accessibility and its spatial characteristics in urban areas of Beijing by applying a comprehensive method that combines vector and raster attribute data generated from road network and subway transport infrastructure. By using a dual index of accessibility and road density, the study further reveals the features of and differences in spatial accessibility and the construction of road systems in urban areas of the northern and southern parts of Beijing. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for future urban planning and road system construction both in general and with respect to Beijing, given its aspirations to become a world city.展开更多
文摘作为认识对象的智力是一种客观的存在,它通过人们的外显行为而表现出来。智力测验为我们提供了一种了解智力的手段,然而从作为一种客观存在的智力到智力测验所测得的智力分数需经历多次转换,因此 IQ 测验分数所代表的"智力"只能部分地反映其实的智力。本文着重对这些转换过程进行分析,指出智力研究中的间接性特征,并在此基础上提出:IQ 量表既不是测量智力的唯一方法,也不是万能的方法,不能盲目相信 IQ 测验的分数,更不能滥用 IQ 测验。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41601164,No.41601427Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.71433008Cultivate Project of Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,No.TSYJS03
文摘Construction of road infrastructure is fundamental to city operation and development, as well as an important pathway and focus in physical urban-rural integration. The long-term implementation of a system of ring roads plus radiating roads in Beijing has strongly impacted urban infrastructure construction and space-time accessibility. Particularly, recent rapid growth of private car ownership in Beijing has imposed greater loads on its road system, seriously hampering urban commuting efficiency and negatively impacting quality of life. To address such challenges and enhance the rapid development of transport infrastructure, Beijing has accelerated rail transit construction since 2008 in an effort to improve commuting capacity. This paper aims to measure time accessibility and its spatial characteristics in urban areas of Beijing by applying a comprehensive method that combines vector and raster attribute data generated from road network and subway transport infrastructure. By using a dual index of accessibility and road density, the study further reveals the features of and differences in spatial accessibility and the construction of road systems in urban areas of the northern and southern parts of Beijing. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for future urban planning and road system construction both in general and with respect to Beijing, given its aspirations to become a world city.
