美国刑法中的人身防卫制度及启示

人身防卫制度是美国刑法防卫制度中的基础形式,分成为保护自己人身利益进行的防卫和为保护他人人身利益进行的防卫。在人身防卫制度中,美国刑法规定的内容详尽、分类具体,对人身权益的保护予以特别重视,防卫对象和防卫武力的类型区分是其中的亮点内容。立足于我国目前的正当防卫制度,可以借鉴美国人身防卫制度中的积极因素,在分析与公民人身权益有关的案件中,对防卫对象进行类型性之区分;根据加害人实施侵害的严重性对防卫人防卫武力进行程度划分;在防卫案件的适用理念上,侧重从防卫人的主观立场出发,结合客观层面去认定防卫行为的合理性。

The Trump Administration＇s Anti-terrorism Policy

Since taking office, the Trump administration's anti-terrorism policy has become increasingly clear. Its anti-terrorism measures and its internal and external anti-terrorism policies have introduced new features that are distinct from those of the Obama administration. These include linking terrorism to Islam, violating traditional political correctness in order to enhance homeland security, sending large-scale troops to the Middle East, and delegating more authority to the US Defense Department and the Armed Forces. Trump's anti-terrorism policies have made obvious progress both at home and abroad. Along with the adjustment of its national security strategy, the status of the anti-terrorism policy in Trump's national security strategy and national defense strategy will decline.However, for the foreseeable future, anti-terrorism will remain an important issue for the Trump Administration, and in some circumstances,the investment for it may increase.

反思正当防卫:来自普通法的经验借鉴

相比于中国正当防卫的理论与实践,普通法的正当防卫制度似乎能更全面、更有效地保护公民合法权益。首先,其防卫必要性要件采主观标准;紧迫性并不是独立于必要性之外的要件,且防卫人没有退避义务。其次,其合理性要件采客观标准,以防卫人主观上认识的事实为基础,引入理性一般人的判断标准。再次,如果起初的受害者使用不相称之武力反击起初的攻击者,以致二人角色反转,那么起初的攻击者可以援引正当防卫。最后,合意互殴的参与者只有在有效退出互殴并且将退出意愿明确传达给对方的情形下,才能重获正当防卫的权利。本文认为,防卫过当可作为部分之可宥辩护事由。