In emulsion system, micro-organisms survive in water phase, thus concentration of preservative in water phase directly reflects to anti-fungi efficacy. As preservative easily migrates into oil phase, it reduces preser...In emulsion system, micro-organisms survive in water phase, thus concentration of preservative in water phase directly reflects to anti-fungi efficacy. As preservative easily migrates into oil phase, it reduces preservative efficacy. A common solution is to increase preservative amount in the whole system. However this way always brings safety issues as preservative is a major allergen. Another effective but safety way is to prohibit preservative migrating into oil phase. In cosmetic research area, phenoxyethanol （PE） and p-Hydroxyacetophenone （p-HAP） pair gradually emerges to be a popular preservative candidate. Thus this new preservative system has been focused as the research object in this work. The relative contents （C） of both PE （CPE） and p-HAP （Cp-HAP） in water phase has been carefully determined. Eight commonly used oils have been further employed to check CPE and Cp-HAP in different oil-water system. The other infuence parameters such as polyols, processing parameters are also investigated. Results shows squalane, petrolatum, silicone oil and hydrogenated polyisobutene might be good oil phase candidates for formulation when using PE and p-HAP preservative system. In these oil systems, PE and p-HAP are mainly located in water phase. Besides, increasing percentage of 1, 3-butylene glycol, shortening homogenization time or adding preservatives at the end of processing under lower temperature could effectively increase effective content preservatives in water phase, either.展开更多
Formaldehyde donor preservatives are under debate because formaldehyde at high concentration is known to the public as a toxic substance to humans and the environment, inducing mutation in living organisms. Chemical m...Formaldehyde donor preservatives are under debate because formaldehyde at high concentration is known to the public as a toxic substance to humans and the environment, inducing mutation in living organisms. Chemical methods, such as using acetylacetone （Nash reagent）, are commonly used to determine total formaldehyde concentration in cosmetics. However, these methods will perturb the equilibrium between formaldehyde and formaldehyde donor. A new method, based on C-13 NMR, not perturbing the equilibrium and more suitable for formaldehyde measurement, is reviewed. This review describes the background, distinction, and applications of formaldehyde and formaldehyde donor in cosmetics.展开更多
The safety and antimicrobial efficacy of Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI while using as a preservative have been introduced. Meanwhile the antimicrobial mechanism, the minimal inhibitory concentration and the stability to ...The safety and antimicrobial efficacy of Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI while using as a preservative have been introduced. Meanwhile the antimicrobial mechanism, the minimal inhibitory concentration and the stability to heat and pH range of ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI have been introduced. The new preservatives have been developed, they are the compounds containing ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI. The high efficacy of antimicrobial of Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI series products ha been described while added into the formulations of amino acid shampoo and toner. It has been proved that ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI series products can be the optimized option for the alternative of traditional preservatives for cosmetic products.展开更多
The present work summarizes recent investigations carried out about the usage of natural antioxidants in lipid-rich food during processing. Synthetic antioxidants have been used as food additives to retard lipid oxida...The present work summarizes recent investigations carried out about the usage of natural antioxidants in lipid-rich food during processing. Synthetic antioxidants have been used as food additives to retard lipid oxidation and development of off-flavor for over 50 years. However, the literature has expressed safety concerns and health risks （toxic and carcinogenic effects） associated with the use of synthetic antioxidants recently. Natural antioxidative substances from the polyphenols of edible plants are believed to be safer and may provide with additional health benefits and more effective compared to synthetic antioxidants. Due to the fact that natural antioxidants are additives that people mixed with food and consumed for centuries, they are known to be safe by the consumer. Therefore, it is an area worth to investigate due to consumer concerns about health. In the literature, there are many studies showing that the natural antioxidants have important antioxidant effect. Plants （oil seeds, cereals, vegetables, fruits, herb and spices）, compounds from animal source （peptides and amino acids）, enzymes and some microorganisms are important natural antioxidants. Plant extracts have been widely used to retard lipid oxidation in foods during frying and accelerated storage processes. They were found as strong antioxidant sources due to their high contents of phenolic compounds. There are countless studies about natural antioxidants. However, they have not been investigated completely by means of toxicology.展开更多
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and anticorrosion measures of TU42C weld-joint were studied by constant load experiments and pickling experiments. The results show that in 40%(mass fraction) NaOH solution at 110℃, ca...Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and anticorrosion measures of TU42C weld-joint were studied by constant load experiments and pickling experiments. The results show that in 40%(mass fraction) NaOH solution at 110℃, caustic SCC occurs in TU42C weld-joints at the applied potential of-1020mV(vs SCE) for 3d while at the potential of-950mV(vs SCE) for 10d. All the cracks are intergranular. In the 10% sulfuric acid, the cracks have the most negative self-corrosion potential-432.5mV(vs SCE) and are active to be further corroded by the acid. Because of the same corrosion behaviour as the lab weldment, preheater’s cracking in alumina factories is attributed to the combining actions of previous caustic SCC in Bayer solutions and continuous acid corrosion by pickling with the addition of RD. The following measures are effective to prevent the corrosion failure of preheater, such as postweld heat treatment at 620℃ to relax the residual weld stress, addition of CC3 and L826 as the corrosion inhibitors to improve the pickling and cleaning by the high pressure water instead of by pickling.展开更多
A new brush plating process with a soluble anode of nickel was introduced. TDY112 brush plating solution was used on the No.20 carbon steel substrate. It has the higher deposit velocity, better properties and lower co...A new brush plating process with a soluble anode of nickel was introduced. TDY112 brush plating solution was used on the No.20 carbon steel substrate. It has the higher deposit velocity, better properties and lower cost. Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), optical microscope, microhardness test and wear test were adopted to detect the surface quality and the properties of the coating, such as micrograph, microstructure, micro-hardness wear resistance and adherence between the coating and the substrate. The experimental results showed that the suitable technological parameters to be used, the coatings had better the surface quality, higher hardness and wear resistance.展开更多
文摘In emulsion system, micro-organisms survive in water phase, thus concentration of preservative in water phase directly reflects to anti-fungi efficacy. As preservative easily migrates into oil phase, it reduces preservative efficacy. A common solution is to increase preservative amount in the whole system. However this way always brings safety issues as preservative is a major allergen. Another effective but safety way is to prohibit preservative migrating into oil phase. In cosmetic research area, phenoxyethanol （PE） and p-Hydroxyacetophenone （p-HAP） pair gradually emerges to be a popular preservative candidate. Thus this new preservative system has been focused as the research object in this work. The relative contents （C） of both PE （CPE） and p-HAP （Cp-HAP） in water phase has been carefully determined. Eight commonly used oils have been further employed to check CPE and Cp-HAP in different oil-water system. The other infuence parameters such as polyols, processing parameters are also investigated. Results shows squalane, petrolatum, silicone oil and hydrogenated polyisobutene might be good oil phase candidates for formulation when using PE and p-HAP preservative system. In these oil systems, PE and p-HAP are mainly located in water phase. Besides, increasing percentage of 1, 3-butylene glycol, shortening homogenization time or adding preservatives at the end of processing under lower temperature could effectively increase effective content preservatives in water phase, either.
文摘Formaldehyde donor preservatives are under debate because formaldehyde at high concentration is known to the public as a toxic substance to humans and the environment, inducing mutation in living organisms. Chemical methods, such as using acetylacetone （Nash reagent）, are commonly used to determine total formaldehyde concentration in cosmetics. However, these methods will perturb the equilibrium between formaldehyde and formaldehyde donor. A new method, based on C-13 NMR, not perturbing the equilibrium and more suitable for formaldehyde measurement, is reviewed. This review describes the background, distinction, and applications of formaldehyde and formaldehyde donor in cosmetics.
文摘The safety and antimicrobial efficacy of Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI while using as a preservative have been introduced. Meanwhile the antimicrobial mechanism, the minimal inhibitory concentration and the stability to heat and pH range of ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI have been introduced. The new preservatives have been developed, they are the compounds containing ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI. The high efficacy of antimicrobial of Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI series products ha been described while added into the formulations of amino acid shampoo and toner. It has been proved that ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI series products can be the optimized option for the alternative of traditional preservatives for cosmetic products.
文摘The present work summarizes recent investigations carried out about the usage of natural antioxidants in lipid-rich food during processing. Synthetic antioxidants have been used as food additives to retard lipid oxidation and development of off-flavor for over 50 years. However, the literature has expressed safety concerns and health risks （toxic and carcinogenic effects） associated with the use of synthetic antioxidants recently. Natural antioxidative substances from the polyphenols of edible plants are believed to be safer and may provide with additional health benefits and more effective compared to synthetic antioxidants. Due to the fact that natural antioxidants are additives that people mixed with food and consumed for centuries, they are known to be safe by the consumer. Therefore, it is an area worth to investigate due to consumer concerns about health. In the literature, there are many studies showing that the natural antioxidants have important antioxidant effect. Plants （oil seeds, cereals, vegetables, fruits, herb and spices）, compounds from animal source （peptides and amino acids）, enzymes and some microorganisms are important natural antioxidants. Plant extracts have been widely used to retard lipid oxidation in foods during frying and accelerated storage processes. They were found as strong antioxidant sources due to their high contents of phenolic compounds. There are countless studies about natural antioxidants. However, they have not been investigated completely by means of toxicology.
文摘Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and anticorrosion measures of TU42C weld-joint were studied by constant load experiments and pickling experiments. The results show that in 40%(mass fraction) NaOH solution at 110℃, caustic SCC occurs in TU42C weld-joints at the applied potential of-1020mV(vs SCE) for 3d while at the potential of-950mV(vs SCE) for 10d. All the cracks are intergranular. In the 10% sulfuric acid, the cracks have the most negative self-corrosion potential-432.5mV(vs SCE) and are active to be further corroded by the acid. Because of the same corrosion behaviour as the lab weldment, preheater’s cracking in alumina factories is attributed to the combining actions of previous caustic SCC in Bayer solutions and continuous acid corrosion by pickling with the addition of RD. The following measures are effective to prevent the corrosion failure of preheater, such as postweld heat treatment at 620℃ to relax the residual weld stress, addition of CC3 and L826 as the corrosion inhibitors to improve the pickling and cleaning by the high pressure water instead of by pickling.
文摘A new brush plating process with a soluble anode of nickel was introduced. TDY112 brush plating solution was used on the No.20 carbon steel substrate. It has the higher deposit velocity, better properties and lower cost. Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), optical microscope, microhardness test and wear test were adopted to detect the surface quality and the properties of the coating, such as micrograph, microstructure, micro-hardness wear resistance and adherence between the coating and the substrate. The experimental results showed that the suitable technological parameters to be used, the coatings had better the surface quality, higher hardness and wear resistance.
