林业防虫治害能力的优化策略

一直以来,林业建设都是社会可持续发展产业的重点内容,与自然环境保护有紧密的联系.近年来,林业病虫害发生率不断上升,严重阻碍林业产业经济的进一步扩展,威胁生态平衡.因此,相关部门要立足实际,重点关注病虫害防治问题,深入调查分析找到原因,制订一套科学合理的治理方案,自上而下地解决虫害威胁,构建良好的林业生态环境,对社会发展具有重要的现实意义.据此,从自然因素和人为因素两个层面探究林业病虫害的诱因,并提出一些切实可行的防治措施.

Survey of damaging pests and preliminary assessment of forest health risks to the long term success of Pinus radiata introduction in Sichuan, southwest China

Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks posed by indigenous as well as exotic pests and pathogens to the introduced P. radiata. Ways to increase the ability to manage the forest health risks once a particular pest infestation and disease eventuates are also recommended. Although detrimental to the survival and growth of the introduced P. radiata, the impact of identified forest health risks are not considered to be fatal to the long term success ofP. radiata in this area.

Application of Self-propelled Boom Sprayers for Control of Rice Insects and Diseases

Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.

Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources with Bacteriostatic and Insecticidal Activities and Their Application as Pesticides

Herbal pesticides refer to the active ingredients extracted from herbs which are used for pest and disease control in crops or pure substances isolated from them. They are of great significance for the production of pollution-free agricultural products, as well as for exploiting the abundant plant resources in China for the prevention and control of pests. In this paper, the advantages of herbal pesticides,such as being environment-friendly, diverse patterns of action, safety for higher animals and the natural enemies of pests and making it hard for pests to produce resistance were first stated; then, Chinese herbal medicine resources with antibacterial and insecticidal activities from 49 families and their functions were reviewed, and 19kinds of herbal pesticides that have been developed and applied in China and seven kinds that have been produced on a large scale were also introduced; finally,three issues deserving further exploration during the development and application of herbal pesticides were presented, that is, research in variety selection and cultivation of herbs, and methods for extraction of active ingredients; basic research in the structure identification of herbal active ingredients, and the relationship between plant variety and active ingredients; development of lead compounds based on herbal active ingredients.

提升小麦种植效益的重要途径分析

小麦不仅仅是粮食作物,也是经济作物,关系到我国人民的民生,以及食品安全问题。一直以来,小麦的产量都在一定程度影响到了我国国民的生活质量。因此,只有提升小麦种植效益才能够促进社会发展。不过,在小麦种植过程中,还是出现了一些不可避免的问题。为了解决这些问题,本文从技术层面出发进行分析,提出了提升小麦种植效益的方法,以期切实为小麦种植户带来收益。

Prevention and Controll of Diseases and Pest Damages of Siraitia grosvenori

[Objective] The aim was to develop prevention and control approaches of diseases and pests of Siraitia grosvenori. [Method] Long-term observation was con- ducted on cultivation methods of Siraitia grosvenori in the gardens in Longjiang Vil- lage of Yongfu County to conclude the prevention methods. [Result] Siraitia grosvenori yield can be reduced by nine diseases, such as root knot nematode dis- ease, and eight pests, such as Brachytrupes portentosus. [Conclusion] It would be effective for prevention of diseases and pests and guarantee quality and yield of Luohan guo to manage the gardens dominated by biological control and supple- mented by pesticide as per crop rotation.

Prediction and analysis model of temperature and its application to a natural ventilation multi-span plastic greenhouse equipped with insect-proof screen

The natural ventilation widely used in greenhouses has advantages of saving energy and reducing expense. In order to provide information for climate control of greenhouse, a model was developed to predict the variation of air temperature in the naturally ventilated greenhouse equipped with insect-proof screen. Roof ventilation and combined roof and sidewall ventilation were considered in the model. This model was validated against the results of experiments conducted in the greenhouse when the wind was parallel to the gutters. The model parameters were determined by the least squares method. In the used model, effects of wind speed and window opening height on the air temperature variation were analyzed. Comparison between two types of ventilation showed that there existed a necessary ventilation rate which results in air temperature decrease in natural ventilation under special climatic conditions. In our experiments when wind speed was less than 3.2 ms?1, wind had a more gradual effect on greenhouse temperature for roof ventilation, compared with combined roof and sidewall ventilation, which had greater air temperature decrease than roof ventilation only.

Interdependence between Natural Habitats and Ricefields for Rice Pest Management in the Agusan Marsh Floodplain

This paper describes how aquatic insect diversity in major natural habitats of Agusan marsh relates with nearby ricefields to determine the interdependence between them for sustainable rice production through natural pest control and for conservation of aquatic fauna in the marsh. Sampling for one year including two cropping seasons of rice production was conducted in various natural habitats of the marsh and in the adjoining rice fields. Both the natural habitats and rice fields were characterized in relation to determining habitat suitability for aquatic insects. The sedge-dominated swamp had the highest diversity among the natural habitats, while the fern-dominated swamp had the lowest. In the adjacent ricefields, diversity was similarly highest in the site near the sedge-dominated swamp, while the lowest was in the ricefields adjoining the Sago forest. Species composition of aquatic insects among the habitats differed between the wet and dry seasons. However, similarity patterns exist between natural habitats and rice fields. The closer similarity in species composition between natural habitats and ricefields indicates habitat connectivity which is an important consideration in planning and effective pest management and ecologically sound rice farming in the marsh.

Experimental Model for Biological Control of Stored Grain Pests

The insecticidal efficacy of the diatomaceous earth against granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius L. （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, with two essential oils for the degree of repellent activity, was evaluated in an experimental model in laboratory tests. The diatomaceous earth was obtained from three Romanian sources （Patirlagele, Urloaia and Adamclisi） and was applied at four doses of 100, 300, 500 and 900 ppm （5, 15, 25 and 45 mg, respectively） on three replicates each variant. Mortality of S. granarius adults was estimated after 7, 14 and 21 d of exposure on treated grain. The insecticidal efficacy of the examined diatomaceous earth against the granary weevil was highly influenced by exposure time, dose and essential oil type. The longer exposure times increased weevil mortality in the case of low doses （100 ppm and 300 ppm）. After 60 d from the experiment initiation, the exposed grains from each variant were assessed about the progeny production. For the model proposed as bio-experiment, two essential oils in concentration of 80μL/L air and 125μL/L of Thymus vulgaris L. and Satureja hortensis L., respectively, were tested compared with untreated control in laboratory conditions. Both plant species belong to the family Lamiaceae, and the major active insecticidal compound was thymol among other providing to terpenoid class, such as eugenol and linalool. The species S. granarius chosen for experimental model was grown in the Research-Development Institute of Plant Protection （RDIPP） Bucharest bio-base. The results show that mortality induced from diatomaceous earth was at the level between 83.33% and 100% in all variants after 21 d, compared with untreated control and a standard product Silicosec.

PREMISE Insect Model： Integrated Population Dynamics Model for the Ex-ante Evaluation of IPM against Insect Pest

Codling moth Cydiapomonella L. is the most serious pest of apple and pear worldwide and causes damage and decreased yields. To minimize this risk, IPM tools can be applied to reduce the use of chemicals. A cost-effective application of IPM depends on the number of insects at the time of application. Several conditions and factors influence the lifecycle and numbers of generations within a year. In order to perform ex-ante evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of IPM measures against pest insects, the generic PREMISE insect model has been developed, which integrates insect＇s population dynamics, the climate and other conditions, applied measures, economics, environment and human health （residues）. This paper describes these components of the PREMISE insect model, and how these components interact to assess the cost-effectiveness of IPM measures and the effects on the environment and human health. Codling moth is used as a case study for this generic model.

The Use of Sludge from Cow Manure Biodigester as Fertilizer and Carrier of Cordyceps sp. for White Grub Pest Control

Processing cow manure into biogas is a solution to reduce air pollutant, because it reduces the smell of the manure up to 70%. Besides producing biogas, the sludge of biodigester can also serve as solid and liquid fertilizer. The solid fertilizer can be used as carder of entomopathogenic fungi to control the pest which lives underground. The research aimed to investigate the benefits of biodigester sludge as fertilizer and carrier of entomopathogenic fungi （Cordyceps sp.） to control white grub pest. The use of organic fertilizer and pesticide in the cultivation can minimize the environmental hazard. The method used in the study was completely randomized design with four treatments, which were the addition of Cordyceps sp. corn media as much as 0, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sludge. Every addition was repeated three times to corn planted in a tub. To examine the effect of the treatments, the data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan test was applied when differences occurred between treatments. The results of the research showed that the nutrients contained in the manure which had been processed into biogas were not lost. The plants cultivated in the planting medium supplemented with sludge grew healthier, bigger, taller and had stronger and longer roots. On the contrary, the plants cultivated without sludge addition were vulnerable to white grub attack. The Cordyceps sp., which was added into the sludge, was effective to control the white grub. The concentration of Cordyceps sp. as much as 20 g/kg of sludge in corn planting medium was the most effective concentration to control white grub pest.

Post-Harvest Technology Transfer to Reduce on Farm Grain Losses in Kitui District, Kenya

Training and demonstrations as a means of post harvest technology transfer at farm level were conducted in 5 divisions of Kitui district. The aim was to reinforce farmers＇ knowledge about storage and help them select proper application methods of pest control suitable for their storage. A total of 163 participants were trained in various storage pest management topics. Before each demonstration, farmers listed their common methods of mixing grain with chemical dusts. Shovel mixing on tarpaulin or wheelbarrows and in-bag stick mixing were evaluated alongside the research way of using the shovel for grain mixing and the ＂fuffle＂, a more efficient device for mixing grain with chemical dusts. Only the 1.6% pirimiphos methyl/0.3% permethrin （Actellic super dust） was used and the treated and untreated controls were stored on site in 90 kg bags. After two months, damage and live infestation were assessed in 1 kg samples drawn from each mixing method. Despite lack of uniformity of grain due to different sources, farmers were able to identify the mixing methods which gave better results. KARl methods appeared better and the fhffle was rated as an effective and labour saving tool and farmers were keen to have it fabricated by local artisans.

A Sustainable Agriculture Production Model of Pampanga State Agricultural University in Central Luzon, Philippines

Alternative Low-Input Agriculture Systems （ALIAS） center advocates organic and sustainable food production system through farm/field demonstration and piloting. The center undertakes activities, including research and development, extension and training, technology dissemination, linkaging and promotional activities. The study established a campus-based demonstration technology showcasing ALIAS to facilitate easy technology diffusion. The objectives of this research were to promote： （1） bio-fertilizers and plant-based pesticides in managing insect pests and diseases of organic vegetables and fruit crops; （2） lotus-tilapia integration as a new modality of farming system in frequently flooded areas; （3） honeybee as pollinators to enhance productivity of organic vegetable and fruit crops; （4） Adlai as intercrop to organic vegetable and fruit crops in support to rice sufficiency; （5） native chicken-coffee integration. The results show that： （1） microbial inoculants and plant-based pesticides are effective in controlling diseases and insect pest, respectively; （2） lotus integration in tilapia production system have no negative effect on the tilapia yield; （3） honeybees as pollinators enhances fruit setting by 42%-68% in different crops; （4） Adlai is a viable intercrop for organic vegetable and fruit crops; （5） native chicken integration was found to be beneficial in terms of soil fertility, insect pest control, natural weeding practices and cultivation in the coffee plantation.

Economic and Environmental Impact Transgenically Modified Cotton Comparative with Synthetic Chemicals for Insect Control

This article combines both a review of the literature and original data from our research. The comparative efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis （Berliner） traits Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, and non-Bt expressing cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., for control of the noctuid complex of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea （Boddie）; fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda （J.E. Smith）; beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua （Htibner）; and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni （Hiibner）, were evaluated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas during 2005-2009. Noctuid larval survival and damage to leaves on non-Bt cotton were 3.6-fold greater than on Bollgard II or WideStrike cotton and 1.5-fold greater than on cotton varieties with the Bollgard trait. Transgenic cotton has reduced the need for conventional insecticides with benefits to human health and the environment. The revenue differences between Bt and conventional cotton for last four years in LRGV of Texas was 214.35/ha and profit about 94.95/ha. We also analyzed cotton noctuid losses between Bt and conventionally grown cotton in the USA summary of all states and Texas summary of all regions.

Biological Characteristics and Control Measures of Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus)

Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） is a fruit decay pests attacking apples, pears and other fruits, and it is an important quarantine pests in China. In recent years, the momentum of the eastward aggression of the insect in our country was more and more serious, and the harm degree was deepening. If Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） is introduced, fruit production will be significantly affected in Hebei Province. The damage characteristics, morphological characteristics and life habit of Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） were reviewed, and the control measures were proposed, in order to provide technical support for promoting the sound development of fruit industries in Hebei province.

Formulation and Characterization of IPM/Water/Nonionic-lonic Surfactant Microemulsions

Microemulsions of both O/W and W/O types were formulated by using Brij76, Brij97 and Tween80 as nonionic surfactant and propanol or butanol as cosurfactant with isopropyl myristate oil and water. Low concentrations of sodium salts of hexanoic, decanoic, palmitic and stearic acids were added to the prepared microemulsions to assess their ability to enhance microemulsion stability. Solubilization capacity of microemulsions was estimated and compared with their conductivities at the same water content. Solubilization capacity for YweenS0-containing microemulsions was found to be lower than that of Brij containing microemulsions. Different effects of the ionic surfactants at the maximum solubilization capacity were observed in both O/W and W/O microemulsions. Microemulsion conductivity results showed that different ionic surfactants exerted minor and comparable effects regardless to the implemented nonionic surfactant. Analysis of solubilization conductivity revealed that the presence of ionic surfactant can improve microemulsion solubilization capacity and provided that optimum physicochemical properties for both surfactants are fulfilled. These properties have direct impact at the goodness of the interracial film.

The New Pest Scatella tenuicosta Collin （Diptera： Ephydridae） for Spirulina Ponds

The goal of this study was to discover Scatella tenuicosta Collin （Diptera： Ephydridae） for the first time as a pest on blue-green algae Spirulina platensis. This algae has been recognized as a very important commercial product in the world today and as one of the most promising ones among the other microscopic algae due to its richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as in gamma-linolenic acid （GLA）, and in pigments including phycocyanin, myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin. Both immature and adult development stages ofS. tenuicosta have been studied under the temperature of 15±2℃. The development times for eggs, larval stages, including first, second, and third one, and for pupae as well as for adults were found to be 1.4, 1.0, 1.1, 1.1, 3.0 and 8.7 respectively. Some pest control practices ofS. tenuicosta on S. platensis have been also examined in this study.

Utilization of Fungi for the Biological Control of Insect Pests and Ganoderma Disease in the Indonesian Oil Palm Industry

Biological control is usually the first choice of control and prevention method for integrated pest management （IPM） strategies and has now been widely implemented by Indonesian oil palm plantations. Entomopathogenic fungus, i.e., Metarhizium anisopliae, Cordyceps militaris and Beauveria bassiana have been demonstrated to control renowned pests of oil palm. Metarhizium has been used to control Oryctes larvae and the mortality has ranged from 91.67% to 100% in laboratory and 7.4% to 88.75% in the field. Metarhizium has been applied in combination with a termite baiting system （TBS） to control termites in the field for preventive and curative action as well. In many oil palm plantations in Indonesia, Cordyceps has been used to reduce the field moth population ofSetothosea asigna. Application of Cordyceps within the oil palm circle was able to infect S. asigna pupae up to 80%. Meanwhile, Beauveria in an effervescent formulation was demonstrated to have better efficacy on Darna trima larvae. A significant finding on the biological control of basal stem rot disease （Ganoderma） was the isolation of Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp.. The efficacy was conducted with promising result and techniques on the application of Triehoderma have been developed, i.e., hole-in-hole system, surgery and a mounding method. However, as the roots developed, Trichoderma was no longer able to protect the palm from Ganoderma. In spite of that, the use of Trichoderma still prolonged the life ofoil palms by up to 2-3 years. Another fungi belonging to vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza （VAM） has been developed to control Ganoderma. The efficacy in the nursery showed promising results and the Ganoderma incidence remained low compared to the untreated control. Large scale field trials are ongoing. Challenges on the implementation of biological control in oil palm plantations are because of application and availability of biopesticides/natural enemies. Therefore, advances in research on the formulation of biological control agents are still needed.

民用飞机蜚蠊防控技术方案研究及效果评价

目的探索一种基于有害生物综合治理(integrated pest management, IPM)理念的有效预防控制飞机蜚蠊的技术方案。方法①根据飞机蜚蠊侵害特征及航班运行特点, 对现行蜚蠊防控方法进行改进, 研究提出针对飞机维修阶段实施深度清洁杀灭措施、航班运行过程实施监测-控制及治理飞机蜚蠊侵害途径的IPM蜚蠊防控技术方案;②依据美国汽车工程师学会(Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE)《航空航天材料技术规范:飞机杀虫剂》标准方法对选用药物进行适航性测试与安全评价;③选取40架飞机随机分成两组, 每组20架。一组实施IPM蜚蠊控制方案, 另一组作为对照组实施现行常规方法。参照SN 1553《入出境航空器医学媒介生物监测规范》, 对两组飞机蜚蠊密度进行为期12个月的监测。比较两组飞机蜚蠊侵害率、侵害密度指数, 评价防控效果。结果 IPM组和对照组飞机处理前蜚蠊侵害率分别为75.0%、80.0%, 蜚蠊密度指数M(P_(25), P_(75))分别为8.0(2.0, 24.0)、8.0(2.0, 23.0), 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。处理后IPM组全年蜚蠊侵害率为1.2%, 蜚蠊密度指数M(P_(25), P_(75))为0.00(0.0, 0.1);对照组蜚蠊侵害率为16.6%, 蜚蠊密度指数M(P_(25), P_(75))为2.5(0.0, 5.3), 差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。适航实验显示, 本方案选择的蜚蠊杀灭药物, 各项指标符合适航标准。结论本IPM防控方案可有效控制飞机蜚蠊侵害, 降低病媒传播的风险。方案使用的蜚蠊药物符合适航标准, 可安全用于预防控制飞机蜚蠊侵害。

Forecasting Helicoverpa populations in Australia： A comparison of regression based models and a bioclimatic based modelling approach

Long-term forecasts of pest pressure are central to the effective managementof many agricultural insect pests. In the eastern cropping regions of Australia, seriousinfestations of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hiibner)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) are experienced annually. Regression analyses of a long series of light-trap catches ofadult moths were used to describe the seasonal dynamics of both species. The size of the springgeneration in eastern cropping zones could be related to rainfall in putative source areas in inlandAustralia. Subsequent generations could be related to the abundance of various crops inagricultural areas, rainfall and the magnitude of the spring population peak. As rainfall figuredprominently as a predictor variable, and can itself be predicted using the Southern OscillationIndex (SOI), trap catches were also related to this variable. The geographic distribution of eachspecies was modelled in relation to climate and CLIMEX was used to predict temporal variation inabundance at given putative source sites in inland Australia using historical meteorological data.These predictions were then correlated with subsequent pest abundance data in a major croppingregion. The regression-based and bio-climatic-based approaches to predicting pest abundance arecompared and their utility in predicting and interpreting pest dynamics are discussed.