阳光太极对智力障碍者社会适应能力的影响——以上海市阳光之家为例

据调查,我国目前约有554万智力障碍者。智力障碍者智力低下,理解能力差,同时伴有一定的运动障碍,肌肉张力异常、手眼协调能力差、动作反应迟钝等动作技能缺陷,他们长期受外界排斥,内心自卑压抑,与人沟通能力差,道德规范意识浅薄,自我控制力弱于常人。本研究以阳光太极对智力障碍者社会适应能力的影响为研究对象。大量的研究表明太极拳的节奏舒缓、运动量大、并能锻炼到一些平时极少锻炼到的小肌肉群,进而促进身体各部分机能的改善。本次研究对上海市阳光之家的30名智力障碍者进行简化太极拳(后称阳光太极)的教学和为期4个月的练习,然后将通过访谈法,观察法,进而对其进行打分。通过实验前后得分的对比,得出阳光太极对智力障碍者社会适应能力有积极影响的结论。

Progress in designing effective photoelectrodes for solar water splitting

Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting process is regarded as a promising route to generate hydrogen by solar energy and at the heart of PEC is efficient electrode design.Great progress has been achieved in the aspects of material design,cocatalyst study,and electrode fabrication over the past decades.However,some key challenges remain unsolved,including the most demanded conversion efficiency issue.As three critical steps,i.e.light harvesting,charge transfer and surface reaction of the PEC process,occur in a huge range of time scale(from10-12s to100s),how to manage these subsequent steps to facilitate the seamless cooperation between each step to realize efficient PEC process is essentially important.This review focuses on an integral consideration of the three key criteria based on the recent progress on high efficient and stable photoelectrode design in PEC.The basic principles and potential strategies are summarized.Moreover,the challenge and perspective are also discussed.

Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals:Synthesis,properties,and applications

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have been proven to be promising candidates for applications in low‐cost and high‐performance photovoltaics,bioimaging,and photocatalysis due to their novel size‐and shape‐dependent properties.Among the colloidal systems,I‐III‐VI semiconductor nanocrystals(NCs)have drawn much attention in the past few decades.Compared to binary NCs,ternary I‐III‐VI NCs not only exhibit low toxicity,but also a high performance similar to that of binary NCs.In this review,we mainly focus on the synthesis,properties,and applications of I‐III‐VI NCs.We summarize the major synthesis methods,analyze their photophysical and electronic properties,and highlight some of the latest applications of I‐III‐VI NCs in solar cells,light‐emitting diodes,bioimaging,and photocatalysis.Finally,based on the information reviewed,we highlight the existing problems and challenges.

Holographic Zone Plate and Its Combination Used for Conversion of Solar Energy

An on-axis holographic zone plate or an off-axis holographic zone plate used for the silicon solar cell will have a solar energy conversion factor of 2. 5. And the combination of the two plates will have its conversion factor of 5. Especially for the use of silver halide photographic emulsion, the cost can be cut down dramatically.

Solar-Powered Direct-Current Loads in Small Buildings

Traditional light bulbs （e.g., incandescent, fluorescent） use too much electricity, convert very little energy into light of sufficient quality and in their production use toxic contaminants. During the last few years, a new type of light source, LED （light emitting diode） bulb, has gained increasing popularity and its costs are set to plunge even further. LED bulbs offer many advantages over traditional sources, and they can be used as a direct replacement to existing lighting. This paper will use a spreadsheet-based analysis with hourly solar data supplied by Ecotect to show that, the efficiency of LED installations can be increased when used in conjunction with photovoltaic modules, as the two generate （and use） DC （direct-current） electricity, thereby eliminating intermediate-level losses in the electronic circuitry. If a storage battery is included, the solar panels generate electricity during the times when the occupants are not necessarily using the lighting, but the stored electricity can be used to power the lighting when the energy is required. The latest results demonstrate that, a slight reduction in the required floor area to be lit allows the solar-battery-LED system to be implemented in small buildings using a storage battery size that is within the range of present commercial devices.

Theoretical investigation of photoelectric properties of the four-coordinate organoboron compounds based on diketopyrrolopyrrole derivativ

In order to obtain high efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells,a series of DPP-based four-coordinate organoboron compounds have been designed for photoelectric functional materials.The effects of electron-donating and-withdrawing substituent on the electronic and optical properties have been investigated by using density functional theory(DFT)and time-dependent DFT(TD-DFT)approaches systematically.It turned out that electron-donating and-withdrawing groups can tune effectively the frontier molecular orbital(FMO)energy level,energy gap,and absorption and fluorescence spectra.The introduction of electron-withdrawing groups for the parent molecule HBDPP(2,5-bis(diphenylboryl)-3,6-bis(pyridin-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione)favors the decrease for the FMO energy(E_(LUMO)and E_(HOMO)),HOMO-LUMO gaps(E_(g)),and the downhill energetic driving force(ΔEL-L),while the electron-donating groups can increase E_(LUMO),E_(HOMO),E_(g),andΔEL-L compared with that of HBDPP,respectively.The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the electron-withdrawing substituted derivatives exhibit bathochromic shifts,while the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the electrondonating substituted derivatives show hypsochromic shifts compared with the parent molecule HBDPP,respectively.Furthermore,the stronger the electron-withdrawing/donating ability of group is,the more significant the effect in the optoelectronic properties.

Sol-gel synthesis of highly reproducible WO3 photoanodes for solar water oxidation

Although monoclinic WO3 is widely studied as a prototypical photoanode material for solar water splitting,limited success,hitherto,in fabricating WO3 photoanodes that simultaneously demonstrate high efficiency and reproducibility has been realized.The difficulty in controlling both the efficiency and reproducibility is derived from the ever-changing structures/compositions and chemical environments of the precursors,such as peroxytungstic acid and freshly prepared tungstic acid,which render the fabrication processes of the WO3 photoanodes particularly uncontrollable.Herein,a highly reproducible sol-gel process was developed to establish efficient and translucent WO3 photoanodes using a chemically stable ammonium metatungstate precursor.Under standard simulated sunlight of air mass 1.5 G,100 m W cm-2,the WO3 photoanode delivered photocurrent densities of ca.2.05 and2.25 m A cm^-2at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),when tested in 1 mol L^-1H2SO4 and CH3SO3H,respectively.Hence,the WO3 photoanodes fabricated herein are one of the WO3 photoanodes with the highest performance ever reported.The reproducibility of the fabrication scheme was evaluated by testing 50 randomly selected WO3 samples in1 mol L^-1H2SO4,which yielded an average photocurrent density of 1.8 m A cm^-2at 1.23 VRHEwith a small standard deviation.Additionally,the effectiveness of the ammonium metatungstate precursor solution was maintained for at least 3weeks,when compared with the associated upper-limit values of peroxytungstic and tungstic acid-based precursors after 3 d.This study presents a key step to the future development of WO3 photoanodes for efficient solar water splitting.

Organolead trihalide perovskite materials for efficient light emitting diodes

Organolead trihalide perovskite materials have been attracting increasing attention due to their promising role in solid solar cells. Several advantages make them potential candidates for optoelectronics:(1) solution- or/and vapor-processed preparation at low temperature;(2) tunable optical bandgap, wide absorption spectrum but narrow photoluminescence peaks;(3) long car-rier life time, large diffusion length and high charge mobility;(4) various nanostructures via tuning capping agents and sol-vents. In this review, we summarize recent attempts toward efficient LEDs based on organolead trihalide perovskite materials. The strategies of materials science, device design and interface engineering are highlighted. Recent development and future perspectives are summarized for practical perovskite light technologies.

Investigation of shunt solar cells’ currents based on equivalent circuit model

In view of the universality of the parallel connection of solar cells and their mismatch problem, in the present paper, we select two shunt solar cells (connected in parallel) as our research object, and use the equivalent one-diode circuit of the solar cell and the analysis of the two-body model. At first, the equations of current and voltage are deduced from the related electrical laws and the circuit diagram of the two solar cells connected in parallel. Then, according to the experimentally measured data of typical single-crystalline silicon solar cells (125 mm×125 mm), we select the appropriate simulation parameters. Following this, by using the photo-generated current, the shunt resistance, and the serial resistance of one of the shunt solar cells and the load resistance as independent variables, in turn, the changing characteristics of each branch current in the two shunt solar cells are numerically discussed and analyzed for these four cases for the first time. At the same time, we provide a simple physical explanation for the modeling results. Our analyses show that these parameters have different impacts on the internal currents of solar cells connected in parallel. These results provide a reference to solve the problem of connecting solar cells and to develop higher efficiency solar cells and systems. Meanwhile, the results will contribute to a better comprehension of the reasons for efficiency loss of solar cells and systems, and deepen the understanding of the electrical of solar cells behavior for high performance photovoltaic applications.

High quality large single crystals of metal halide perovskites for optoelectronic applications

As the technological development of large single-crystalline wafers have revolutionized many industries including electronics and photovoltaics,one can predict that the availability of large single-crystalline perovskite crystals and wafers can revolutionize its broad applications in photodetectors,solar cells,LEDs,lasers,etc.In 2015,Liu et al.

The effect of dispersion of TiO_2 nanoparticles on preparation of flexible dye-sensitized photoanodes

Generally, nanoparticles are easy to aggregate due to their nano sizes, which influence the physical and chemical properties. In this work, a dispersion treatment of the TiO2 nanoparticles with different average sizes was employed to improve the disper- sion of TiO2 nanoparticles, in order to prepare flexible photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells （DSCs） with novel photovol- talc properties at a low temperature. The effects of dispersion treatment on the dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles, including the viscosities of the binder-free TiO2 paste, the morphologies and textural properties of nanoparticle-TiO2 films, and the photo- voltaic properties of the flexible DSCs, were investigated. Flexible indium-tin oxide （ITO）-coated polyethylene naphthalate （PEN） substrates with sputter deposited Pt were employed as the transparent flexible counter electrodes. A short-circuit photo- current density of 9.62 mA·cm^-2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.757 V, a fill factor of 0.589 and an overall light-to-energy con- version efficiency of 4.29% for the flexible DSCs under AM1.5 illumination of 100 mW·cm^-2 were obtained with dispersion treatment. A 30.8% increment of the energy conversion efficiency for DSCs made by dispersion treatment was obtained com- pared with that made without dispersion treatment.