施用生物农药四注意

注意温度条件。生物制剂农药喷施的适宜温度是在20℃以上因为这类农药的活性成分是蛋白晶体和有生命的芽孢，低温条件下芽孢在害虫体内繁殖速度极慢，蛋白质晶体也不易发生作用据实验研究表明：在25～30℃条件下，施用生物制剂农药，其药效比在10～15℃时施用高两倍左右。

Efficient solar fuel production with a high-pressure CO_(2)-captured liquid feed

We demonstrated an efficient solar photovoltaic-powered electrochemical CO_(2) reduction device with a high-pressure CO_(2)-captured liquid feed.In an“air-to-barrel”picture,this device holds promise to avoid both high-temperature gaseous CO_(2) regeneration and high energy-cost gas product separation steps,while these steps are necessary for devices with a gaseous CO_(2) feed.To date,solar fuel production with a CO_(2)-saturated liquid feed suffers from high over-potential to suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction and consequently,low solar-to-chemical(STC)energy conversion efficiency.Here,we presented a distinct high-pressure operando strategy,i.e.,we took extra advantage of the high pressure in catalyst synthesis besides in the period of the CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).The power of this strategy was demonstrated by a proof-of-concept device in which a representative copper catalyst was first synthesized in operando in a high-pressure(50 bar)CO_(2)-saturated KHCO3 solution,and then this high-pressure CO_(2)-captured liquid was converted to solar fuel using the operando synthesized Cu catalyst.This Cu catalyst achieved 95%CO_(2)RR selectivity at the recorded low potential of−0.3 V vs.RHE enabled by the combination of operando facet engineering and oxide derivation.Furthermore,this device achieved a record-high STC efficiency of 21.6%under outdoor illumination,superior to other CO_(2)-saturated liquid-fed devices,and compared favorably to gaseous CO_(2)-fed devices.

Addressing dynamic photovoltaic processes at electrode:active layer and donor:acceptor interfaces in organic solar cells under device-operating conditions

This article presents our experimental studies to unravel the dynamic photovoltaic processes occurring at donor:acceptor(D:A)and electrode:active layer(E:A)interfaces under device-operating conditions by using two unique magneto-optical measurements,namely photo-induced capacitance and magnetic field effect measurement.First,we have found that a higher surface polarization of dielectric thin film can decrease the surface charge accumulation at E:A interface.The photo-induced capacitance results indicate that dielectric thin film plays a crucial role in the charge collection in generating photocurrent in organic solar cells.Second,our experimental results from magnetic field effect show that the binding energies of charge transfer(CT)states at D:A interface can be evaluated by using the critical bias required to completely dissociate the CT states.This is the first experimental demonstration that the binding energies of CT states can be measured under deviceoperating conditions.Furthermore,we use our measurement of magnetic field effect to investigate the most popular organic photovoltaic solar cells,organometal halide perovskite photovoltaic devices.The results of magneto-photoluminescence show that the photogenerated electrons and holes are inevitably recombined into electron–hole pairs through a spin-dependent process in the perovskites.Therefore,using spin polarizations can present a new design to control the photovoltaic loss in perovskites-based photovoltaic devices.Also,we found that introducing D:A interface can largely affect the bulk charge dissociation and recombination in perovskite solar cells.This indicates that the interfacial and bulk photovoltaic processes are internally coupled in developing photovoltaic actions in perovskite devices.Clearly,these magneto-optical measurements show a great potential to unravel the deeper photovoltaic processes occurring at D:A and E:A interfaces in both organic bulk-heterojunction and perovskite solar cells under device-operating conditions.