碳酸盐熔盐燃料电池的NiO阴极溶解

碳酸盐熔盐燃料电池阴极材料NiO在熔盐电解质中的溶解 ,是该技术能否实用的关键之一。实验表明 ,NiO在Li2 CO3 Na2 CO3熔盐中的溶解度在CO2 气氛和 650℃条件下约为 5× 1 0 - 6(摩尔分数 )。LiFeO2 或NaFeO2的添加虽能降低NiO浓度 ,但在CO2 气氛下会分解生成α Fe2 O3。

Phosphate film free of chromate, fluoride and nitrite on AZ31 magnesium alloy and its corrosion resistance

A phosphate solution free of chromate, fluoride and nitrite was prepared and an environment-friendly film was obtained on AZ31 magnesium alloy surface via the chemical deposition method. The morphology, composition, phase structure and its corrosion resistance were studied. The effects of film-forming temperature and free acid on corrosion resistance, microstructure and electrochemical behavior of the film were discussed. The results indicate that the corrosion resistance of AZ31 with the phosphate film was better than blank AZ31 substrate, which was most attributed to the great inhibitive action on the anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution of the film.

提高铜电积电流效率的方法与实践

为了减少吨铜直流电能消耗,对影响电流效率的短路和漏电损失、杂质离子放电、氢离子放电和阴极铜化学溶解等因素进行分析并提出应对办法。实践表明,同时对短路和漏电损失、杂质离子放电、氢离子放电和阴极铜化学溶解4种因素进行抑制能有效提高电流效率,减少吨铜直流电耗。

Co-intensification of cyanide leaching gold by mercury ions and oxidant

The effects of mercury ions on gold cyanidation were studied. The results show that under low cyanide concentration, gold cyanide process is controlled by CN- transfer, while at higher cyanide concentration, there forms passivation on gold surface. Therefore, chemical oxidation of gold in cyanide solution of higher concentration is controlled by surface reaction. Small quantity of additions of mercury ions bring about great increases in anodic gold dissolution rate, decreases the passivation and reduces the equilibrium activated energy. In addition, they also markedly change the effect pattern of cyanide concentration. Mercury ions show positive effects on cathodic reduction of oxygen and raise the rate of electrochemical step of the cathodic reduction of oxygen. Addition of a certain amount of hydrogen peroxide is confirmed to be an effective way for intensification of cathodic process on gold electrode. Active potential range and current peak on anodic dissolution are enlarged when being co-intensified with Hg^2＋ and hydrogen peroxide. Co-intensifying effect may be obtained and gold from gold concentrates. gold leaching rate is considerably increased on cyanide leaching of

Study on Kinetics of Cathodic Reduction of Dissolved Oxygen in 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution

Electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen in seawater on metals is of great importance for corrosion studies. The present paper studied cathodic reduction of dissolved oxygen on Q235 carbon steel in 3.5% sodium chloride （NaCl） solutions by cyclic voltammetry （CV）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, rotating disk electrode （RDE） and rotating ring-disk electrode （RRDE）. The cyclic voltammetric results demonstrated the cathodic process on Q235 carbon steel in O2-saturated 3.5% NaCl solution contains three reactions： dissolved oxygen reduction, iron oxides reduction and hydrogen evolution. The peak potential of oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） is - 0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl, 3 molL^-1 KCI. The EIS results indicated that the ORR occurring on Q235 carbon steel is a 4-electron process and that no finite diffusion is caused by the intermediate of H2O2 produced by ORR. The RDE and RRDE voltammograms confirmed the EIS results and it was found that the number of transferred electrons for ORR was nearly 4, i.e., dissolved oxygen reduced to water.

倒装芯片无铅凸点β-Sn晶粒取向与电迁移交互作用

采用原位电迁移实验研究了在150℃、1.0×10~4A/cm^2条件下倒装芯片Ni/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Ni-P无铅凸点中β-Sn晶粒取向对金属间化合物(IMC)的聚集析出机制、阴极Ni芯片侧(UBM)溶解行为、电迁移失效机制以及电迁移驱动下β-Sn晶粒的旋转滑移机制的影响。原位观察发现,电迁移过程中(Ni,Cu)_3Sn_4类型IMC在凸点中仅沿着β-Sn晶粒的c轴方向析出,且倾向于在θ角(β-Sn晶粒的c轴与电子流动方向之间的夹角)较小的晶粒内析出;同时,阳极附近观察到β-Sn挤出现象,即凸点出现应力松弛。建立了阴极NiUBM溶解量与β-Sn晶粒取向的关系模型:β-Sn晶粒取向决定阴极NiUBM的溶解量,即当θ角很小时,NiUBM会出现明显溶解;当θ角增大时,NiUBM的溶解受到抑制,该模型与实验值基本吻合。电迁移导致β-Sn晶粒发生旋转滑移,认为是由于不同取向的相邻β-Sn晶粒中电迁移导致的空位通量不同,从而导致阳极晶界处于空位的过饱和,阴极晶界处于空位的未饱和状态,并促使空位沿着晶界出入于自由表面,最终在垂直方向上会产生空位梯度,由沿晶界的空位梯度对应的应力梯度产生的力矩使β-Sn晶粒发生旋转滑移。