大型桥梁结构阻尼特性及识别方法研究综述

随着桥梁跨径的不断增加,结构体系的创新以及轻质高强材料的应用,大型桥梁结构阻尼日趋降低,进一步加剧了大型桥梁对风、车辆和地震等动力荷载的敏感性。为总结大型桥梁阻尼特性及识别方法的最新研究成果,推动大型桥梁激振技术及阻尼识别方法的快速发展,从以下几个方面进行了系统性总结:首先,剖析了结构阻尼理论体系,并对大型桥梁阻尼特性的研究现状进行了较为系统的梳理;其次,归纳了大型桥梁激振技术的工作原理、激励设备和应用现状;再次,深入分析了基于环境激励的大型桥梁阻尼识别的时域、频域和时频域方法的研究进展,还围绕阻尼识别的智能化、自动化和不确定性量化等方面的最新成果进行系统阐述,并总结了基于人工激振法的阻尼识别方法及其应用现状;最后,从阻尼理论、激振技术、感知系统和识别方法4个方面指出了需进一步深入研究的方向。研究结果可为大型桥梁结构阻尼理论及其识别研究的发展提供一定的理论基础,有助于进一步完善桥梁阻尼取值及相关规范条文,为大型桥梁结构设计和智能运维等领域的研究提供有益的借鉴。

A new damping ratio identification method based on pattern search

In order to improve the effectiveness of traditional time domain identification methods in identifying damping ratios, a new damping ratio identification method based on pattern search is proposed by fluctuating the reliable natural frequency obtained through traditional time domain identification methods by about 10% to build the boundary conditions, using all the initial identification results to establish the free decay response of the system, and using the pattern search method to correct the initial identification results with the residual sum of squares between the free decay response and the actually measured free-decay signal as the objective function. The proposed method deals with the actually measured free-decay signal with curve fitting and avoids enlarging the identified error caused by intermediate conversion, so it can effectively improve the identified accuracy of damping ratios. Simulations for a room-sized vibration isolation foundation show that the relative errors of analyzed three damping ratios are down to 1.05%, 1.51% and 3.7% by the proposed method from 8.42%, 5.85% and 8.5% by STD method when the noise level is 10%.

振动水翼低阶振型的阻尼特性试验研究

水力机械过流部件与环境流体相互作用产生的附加质量和阻尼效应,对其动力响应特性有显著影响。本研究重点测量了空气和水中振动水翼前四阶振型的阻尼特性参数。通过在水翼前缘嵌入一个压电片施加激励,采用激光测振仪和水翼尾缘的压电片同时获取振动响应信号并相互校准,构建了叶片式结构模态参数测试系统。将压电片信号作为基准信号,同步激光测振仪的多点响应信号,提出了一种单振型测量方法。重点分析了对数衰减法、希尔伯特变换法、共振放大法、半功率带宽法和圆圈拟合法五种常用的阻尼比识别方法。结果表明:五种阻尼比识别方法的精度和不确定度在同一量级,综合比较后认为,对于自由振动响应信号推荐采用对数衰减法,强迫振动响应信号则推荐采用半功率带宽法;空气和水中在同一振型条件下,水翼不同位置点的阻尼比基本保持不变,最大偏差为5.8%;相比空气环境,水中水翼各阶固有频率下降率在6.49%~26.73%之间,各阶模态对应的振型未见明显差异;水中振动水翼阻尼比变化趋势依赖于具体振型,其中,1阶弯曲、1阶扭转和1阶弯扭振型对应的阻尼比分别增大13.09%、8.61%和14.34%,但2阶弯曲振型对应的阻尼比则减小16.25%。