试论汉语词头“阿”的产生与发展

汉语词头“阿”萌芽于西汉、生长于东汉、发展于魏晋以降,是由汉语“动+名”双音称谓名词首音节“保” 义“阿”虚化而成,是在汉译佛经音译缩略称谓名词首音节“阿”的影响下生长并发展起来的。

Pharmacokinetics of Ferulic Acid in Rabbits with BloodStasis

To test and study the Syndrome and Treatment Pharmacokinetics (S & TRK),we studied the pharmacokinetics of ferulic acid in healthy and blood stasis (microcirculation dysfunction)rabbits by RP-HPLC. After a single intravenous injection offenilic acid(5mg/kg)to healthy and blood stasis rabbits, compartment model of ferulic acid serum concentration was fitted and then pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a MCPKP program on a COMPAQ 386 compute Important parameters are as follows: In healthy rabbits V_B=0.9525±0.0211 L/kg,V_1=0.2462±0.0381 L/kg, CL_B=1.8133±0.9512 L/h·kg, T_(1/2β)=0.3639±0913, AUC=2.7566±0.8232 μg·h/ml; In blood stasis rabbits V_B=0.7882±0.0321 L/kg,V_1=0.1966±0.0537 L/kg,CL_B=0.8820±0.5481 L/h·kg,T_(1/2β)=0.6193±0.1216 h, AUC=5.6690±2.3541μg·h/ml.Through this experiment we found the sig-nificant differences in the FA's pharmacokinetic parameters between healthy and blood stasis rabbits.The results obtained correspond with S & TPK.

Use of albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone, and combined solutions as scolicidal agents on hydatid cysts (in vitro study)

AIM： TO establish which scolicidal agents are superior and more suitable for regular use. METHODS： Echinococcus granu/osus protoscoleces were obtained from 25 patients with liver hydatid cysts. Various concentrations of albendazole sulfone, albendazole sulfoxide, and albendazole sulfone and albendazole sulfoxide mixed together in concentrations of 50 μg/mL, and H202 in a concentration of 4%, NaCI 20%, and 1.5% cetrimide-0.15% chlorhexidine （10% Savlon-Turkey） were used to determine the scolicidal effects. Albendazole （ABZ） derivatives and other scolicidal agents were applied to a minimum of 100 scoleces for 5 and 10 min. The degree of viability was calculated according to the number of living scolices per field from a total of 100 scolices observed under the microscope. RESULTS： After 5 min, ABZ sulfone was 97.3% effective, ABZ sulfoxide was 98.4% effective, and the combined solution was 98.6% effective. When sulfone, sulfoxide and the combined solutions were compared, the combined solution seemed more effective than sulfone. However, there was no difference when the combined solution was compared with sulfoxide. After 10 min, hypertonic salt water, sulfone, sulfoxide, and the combined solution compared to other solutions looked more effective and this was statistically significant on an advanced level. When sulfone, sulfoxide, and the combined solutions were compared with each other, the combined solution appeared more effective than sulfone. When the combined solution was compared with sulfoxide, there was no difference. CONCLUSION： Despite being active, ABZ metabolites did not provide a marked advantage over 20% hypertonic saline. According to these results, we think creating a newly improved and more active preparation is necessary for hydatid cyst treatment.

Arabic Language in Multicultural Dynamism： Chronological Effects on Nigeria＇s Heritage

Of such notice that researchers documented in their compendium about the spawn of Arabs and their language dwindled in mono-cultural boundary for many memorable years. It is of the fact that the relevance of Arabic language is not only restricted to the people spoken it as their mother language. Thus, it is globally applauded due to its effective recognitions and relevancies in other cultures and all human strata. History shows that the place of Arabic language in multicultural society is very applausive, especially after the emergence of Islam, when Islam spread beyond its domain to other continents like Asia, Europe, Africa, America, etc. Apparently, the position of Arabic language in multicultural societies, especially Nigeria （has the largest African population） which has predominant ethnic groups, cultures, and more than 400 ethnic dialects, with over 1,850,000,000 population is given a warmly applausive recognization. The reason is that its entry into the country dated back to the seventh century of the Hijrah era in which Arabic had been used for religious, social, economic, and cultural purposes. Therefore, this paper is aiming to give an expository analysis of the relevance of Arabic language in multicultural societies, and take Nigeria as a case study.

Evaluation and Selection of Date Palm Varieties from Seedling Progeny in Saudi Arabia

A survey was conducted in 2011 in the major date growing regions of Saudi Arabia to identify and evaluate date palms with fruit characteristics preferred by the producers and consumers. The regions in the Kingdom surveyed for this purpose were Al-Zulfi, Al-Hassa, Najran, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah and AI-Qassim. Seventy palms from seedlings were initially identified for the study based on the following fruit characteristics, i.e., fruit length, breadth, weight, color, taste, texture, sugar content, external appearance and also the market value. Subsequently, 12 palms （Al-Afiah, Duhiba, Adbah, Aliah, Shamshula, Masifat Al-Asedy, Suwaid, Batlyah, AI-Nassar, Hussan, Sukariyat Al-Zulfi and Al-Hamat） mainly from the Zulfi and Riyadh regions were found to meet the required standards with potential for commercial date farming. Among these, fruits of Adbah had the highest total sugars of 72.9% followed by Duhiba with a total sugar content of 71.9%. Fruit length was maximum （49.1 mm） in the variety Allah, while the fruits of the variety Hussan recorded the maximum weight of 19.5 g. Furthermore, it is pertinent to mention that fruit size of the 12 selected cultivars was generally large and comparable to Majdool, a well-known date palm cultivar of North Africa. The fruits of the selected cultivars were also tasty and can be stored separately.

Some Results of Paleozoic Paleomagnetic Research

This application note discusses the preliminary results of paleomagnetics studies of several incisions of the Paleozoic period the territory of Armenia and neighboring regions （Minor Caucasus）. It is supposed that before the Permian period the Armenian-lranian Mezocontinent was uniform with Afro-Arabia and only at the end of the late Paleozoic the formed Mesozoic ocean separated these areas from each other. A result of application of the complex laboratory investigations were identified from samples of primary magnetization the direction of which corresponds to the time of formation of the studied rocks. On the basis of paleomagnetic researches of Triassic, Permian, Devonian, Carbonian rocks a preliminary conclusion has been made about the dipole configuration of the geomagnetic field throughout Paleozoic. The comparison of the obtained data to paleomagnetic definitions of African, Arabian plates, Europe and the Siberian platform leads to the conclusion that the Minor Caucasus existed separately from the present general lithosphere blocks of Greater Caucasus and Europe.

Visual Imagination and the Mediation of Semiosis： Intertext and the Real in Thomas Hardy＇s Jude the Obscure

The writing of Thomas Hardy cannot be readily defined as an embodiment of the Realistic tradition. His too-liminal status as the last Victorian novelist, regional writer, and a collector of English rustics, has been vivaciously debated and contested （Miller, 1970; Widdowson, 1989; Moore, 1990; Morgan, 1992; Armstrong, 2000; Mallet, 2002; Nemesvari, 2011）. This argument contributes to the debate on the relation between the real and the textual in Hardy＇s last novel, Jude the Obscure （1895）, which shows that Hardy＇s language has features of a self-referential novel, close to the antimimetic poetics of postmodernist genres, which insists, however, on the connection with the real, where lies the inspiration for creativity and political intervention. Through the analysis of the allegorical figures of ＂intertexts＂ interwoven in the language of the novel, it will be argued that the representation of the novel registers the connection between Hardy＇s visual imagination and his intention to intervene in a discursive field.

New tectonic map of Northern-Central-Eastern Asia： Position and evolution of Mesozoic sedimentary basins

The beginning of the XXI century was marked a new rising of the international tectonic cartography as a result of analysis and synthesis of a huge volume of geological information obtained for the territory of Asia es-pecially during the last 30 years. The previous tectonic maps for Asia were created in the 1960s-1970s of the last century. Since that time, the national geological surveys have compiled tectonic maps exclusively in the limits of their own state boundaries. The international cooperation of five countries since 2002 （ Russia, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Republic of Korea） gave a unique possibility to join the data into a united cartog-raphic form as Atlas of Geological Maps （since 2002-Atlas of Geological Maps of Central Asia and since 2007- Atlas of Geological Maps of Northem-Central-Eastem Asia）. Both atlases include four maps： geological, tecton-ic ,metallogenic, and energy resources. Tectonic Map of Northem-Central-Eastem Asia and Adjacent Areas at scale 1 ： 2 500 000 was the key map for further compilation of the metallogenic and energy resources （ coal, oil and gas） maps. By this reason, special attention was given to showing the structure and composition of the Mes-ozoic sedimentary basins in Northern-Central- Eastern Asia as the most perspective structures for oil-and-gas and coal prospect.

Integrated Water Management for Aflaj System in Oman——Different Approach

The study addressed the question about modernization of Aflaj＇s administration, and pointed out the pros and cons of both traditional and modern methods. The traditional management seems powerless and is not eligible to follow the social and economic development, however this development even begins to reflect negatively on the administration of Aflaj. The traditional management system of Falaj by rural communities is still an independent management of the state. However, regardless the efficiency of the traditional management system in the past, this traditional management can not take in consideration waters development projects in their region, considering that the concept of local administration is differing with the concept of integrated water management. Therefore, the questions revolve around the future of traditional administration and the role of modern administration of the Aflaj water system to maximize the use of water. Hence, the need for the use of modern methods of the management of Falaj has become a leading supplier key demand to keep up with challenges. This method begins in the basic data onto the role and importance of water in the area of Falaj and pass through the definition of the region Falaj, wondering about an administrative boundary and the importance of the basin of Falaj and how is developing the database, like data network density of rainwater. The importance here is to choose the appropriate and required methods of the development and optimization of Falaj system management, as well as the scientific levels required by specialists, technicians and observers to Falaj administration. Otherwise, it is difficult, in the 21st century, to defme the priorities of geographical surroundings and study the future of Aflaj.

On Sectional Cycles in Translation Quivers

In this paper, we prove that there exists no sectional cycle in a translation quiver under certain conditions. So, we generalize Dautista and Smalφ's corresponding result on AR-quiver of an artin algebra.

楼上楼下

选房的时候，面对顶楼和底楼的抉择，我放弃了高瞻远瞩的机会，选择了近水楼台。原因很简单，一家老小都经不起每日N遍爬八楼的折腾。

Determination of biapenem in human plasma and urine by a simple HPLC method for its pharmacokinetics study

A simple high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was established and subsequently used to study the pharmacokinetics of biapenem in healthy volunteers. Chromatography separation was carried out using a C18 reverse-phase column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M ammonium acetate-methanol, either for plasma （94：6, v/v, and flow rate 1.0 mL/min） or for urine samples （97.5：2.5, v/v, flow rate 1.5 mL/min）. The UV detector was set at 300 nm. The assay was linear over the range of 0.25 mg/L-50 mg/L for plasma samples and 0.50 mg/L-200 mg/L for urine samples. The intra-day and inter-day RSD values were lower than 2.8% and 4.6%, respectively, for biapenem in plasma, 2.4% and 2.5%, respectively, for biapenem in urine. Biapenem was stable at room temperature for up to 6 h in plasma and 8 h in urine when MOPS was added immediately after sample collection. An intravenous single dose of 600 mg biapenem was administered to 12 healthy male volunteers. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Winnonlin with a noncompartment model. The pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained as following： Cmax 37±6 mg/L, t1/2 1.27±0.21 h, AUC0-8h 56±8 mg/L/h, and AUC0-∞57±8 mg/L/h. The accumulated urine excretion rate in 24 h was 58%±5%. The established HPLC method was validated and suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of biapenem.

Effects of co-administraton of neferine and doxorubicin on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin

Doxorubicin is one of the anthracycline anti-neoplastic drugs widely used to treat leukemia, liver, breast, and ovarian cancers and other solid tumors. However, its clinical applications have been limited by its serious cardio-cytotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neferine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the green embryo in the mature lotus seed, on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin. The levels of doxorubicin in plasma and tissues were measured using the high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） method. The chromatographic separation was completed on a reversed-phase C18 column using acetonitrile–phosphate buffer（30：70, v/v） as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL /min and ultraviolet detection wave length was set at 233 nm. The pharmacokinetic study found that the co-administration of neferine and doxorubicin significantly affected the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin. There were evident changes in area under the curve（AUC）, clearance（CL） and t1/2β in group of pretreatment neferine as compared with those in group treated with doxorubicin alone. Tissue distribution analysis showed that the concentrations of doxorubicin distributed to heart, liver and kidney were statistically significant higher in group of pretreatment with neferine plus doxorubicin than those in the doxorubicin alone-group at 0.5 h and 2 h after drug administration, respectively. While the doxorubicin concentrations in spleen and lung drug were slightly increased in the group of pretreatment with neferine plus doxorubicin as compared to that of group of doxorubicin alone, the difference between two groups were not statistically significant. Therefore, the dose of doxorubicin needs to be taken into consideration when it is administrated in combination with neferine.

Some Remarks on Hom-Modules and Hom-Path Algebras

This paper deals with injective and projective right HomH-modules for a Hom-algebra H. In particular, Baer Criterion of injective Hom-module is obtained, and it is shown that Hom Mod H is an Abelian category. Next, the authors define Hom-path algebras and construct Hom-path algebras of some quivers.

EW-trending uplifts along the southern side of the central segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault, NW China: Insight into the rising mechanism of the Altyn Mountain during the Cenozoic

The Altyn Tagh Fault and the Altyn Mountain define respectively the tectonic and geographical northern edges of the Tibetan Plateau, and figure prominently in the growth and rising mechanism of the plateau. The rhombus-shaped Altyn Mountain has long been thought to have an intimate relation with the Altyn Tagh Fault; however, its formation mechanism remains unclear and debatable. In this paper, we focus on the EW-trending uplifts in the Altyn Mountain, and investigated three Cenozoic sedimentary sections in the vicinity of the EW-trending uplifts located along the southern side of the central segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault. Magnetostratigraphy and pollen analysis were used to constrain ages of the sediments. Clast composition of conglomerate and paleocurrents obtained from clast imbrications were applied to determine the provenance. We also established a geological section parallel to the Altyn Tagh Fault on sedimentary facies across the northwestern Qaidam Basin. The results indicate that these en-echelon EW-trending uplifts formed as early as ca. 36 Ma and were preferred to be under the control of basal shear of the Altyn Tagh Fault in the middle-lower crust, symbolizing the early uplift of the Altyn Mountain during the Cenozoic. Left-slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault occurring during the Miocene and afterwards displaced and altered these uplifts, shaping the Altyn Mountain to its present fabric.

A note on finite abelian covers

We prove that any abelian cover over a smooth variety is defined by some cyclic equations. From the defining equations, we compute explicitly the normalization, branch locus, ramification indices, global invariants, and the resolution of singularities. As an application, we construct a new algebraic surface which is the quotient of ball.

McKay quivers and absolute n-complete algebras

In this paper,we show that the McKay quiver of a finite subgroup of a general linear group is a regular covering of the McKay quiver of its intersection with the special linear group.Using this and our results on "returning arrows" in McKay quiver,we give an algorithm to construct the McKay quiver of a finite abelian group.Using this construction,we show how the cone and cylinder of an(n-1)-Auslander absolute n-complete algebra are truncated from the McKay quivers of abelian groups.

Non-abelian extensions of Lie 2-algebras

In this paper,we give the notion of derivations of Lie 2-algebras using explicit formulas,and construct the associated derivation Lie 3-algebra.We prove that isomorphism classes of non-abelian extensions of Lie 2-algebras are classified by equivalence classes of morphisms from a Lie 2-algebra to a derivation Lie 3-algebra.

Alzheimer's disease and gut microbiota

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is a most common neurodegenerative disorder, which associates with impaired cognition. Gut microbiota can modulate host brain function and behavior via microbiota-gut-brain axis, including cognitive behavior. Germ-free animals, antibiotics, probiotics intervention and diet can induce alterations of gut microbiota and gut physiology and also host cognitive behavior, increasing or decreasing risks of AD. The increased permeability of intestine and blood-brain barrier induced by gut rnicrobiota disturbance will increase the incidence of neurodegeneration disorders. Gut microbial metabolites and their effects on host neurochemical changes may increase or decrease the risk of AD. Pathogenic microbes infection will also increase the risk of AD, and meanwhile, the onset of AD support the ＂hygiene hypothesis＂. All the results suggest that AD may begin in the gut, and is closely related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. Modulation of gut microbiota through personalized diet or beneficial microbiota intervention will probably become a new treatment for AD.

Injectivity and projectivity in analysis and topology

We give new proofs of many injectivity results in analysis that make more careful use of the duality between abelian C*-algebras and topological spaces. We then extend many of these ideas to incorporate the case of a group action. This approach gives new insight into Hamana's theory of G-injective operator spaces and G-injective envelopes. Our new proofs of these classic results, use only topological methods and eliminate the need for results from the theory of Boolean algebras and AW*-algebras.