王茂荫受斥是怎么一回事

马克思写道:“清朝户部右侍郎王茂荫向天子上了一个奏折,主张暗将官票宝钞改为可兑现的钞票。在1854年4月的大臣审议报告中,他受到严厉申斥。他是否因此受到笞刑,不得而知。审议报告最后说:臣等详阅所奏……所论专利商而不便于国。”

猴子闹“天宫”

在人类迈向神秘的太空之前,曾经做过大量的动物试验,最早的自然是1957年发射的苏联“卫星”2号上的“莱伊卡”小狗。当时苏联把它吹得神乎其神,编织了一些美丽的故事,后来才知,它上天后只活了5个小时就因热衰竭而死亡了。谎言原来只是“政治需要”。美国最早进入太空的是一头猕猴“阿伯尔”与松鼠猴“贝克”。1959年5月28日,

一个乐观的导演——怡园酒庄总裁陈芳访谈

陈芳女士,毕业于密歇根大学安阿伯尔分校,并获得心理学、妇女研究与组织研究学士学位,曾就职于高盛(香港)长达两年,现任怡园酒庄的总裁。她于2002年加入怡园,正值怡园酒即将推向市场之际。陈芳女士全程负责管理怡园葡萄酒生产与经营,包括葡萄的栽种与培育、葡萄酒的酿制与灌装、产品的销售与市场推广,以及怡园酒庄的财务管理与整体战略制定。见到陈芳是在怡园上海的专卖店里,在浦东的柳杉路上,尽管我自认为对上海很熟悉,但还是花了很大力气才找到这个偏僻的所在,好在我早有准备,提前40分钟到了。距约定的5点半还有5分钟,陈芳来了,连声的对不起,搞得我很不好意思,我早到了这么久,其实已是失礼。陈芳有些孩子气,所以可以很轻松地跟她沟通,她会拿个大酒杯摇晃半天,突然凑到你的鼻子前,然后笑眯眯地看着你,"香吧?"一脸的得意……

Coupled 2D Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Modeling of Megaflood due to Glacier Dam-break in Altai Mountains,Southern Siberia

One of the largest known megafloods on earth resulted from a glacier dam-break,which occurred during the Late Quaternary in the Altai Mountains in Southern Siberia.Computational modeling is one of the viable approaches to enhancing the understanding of the flood events.The computational domain of this flood is over 9460 km2 and about 3.784 × 106 cells are involved as a 50 m × 50 m mesh is used,which necessitates a computationally efficient model.Here the Open MP(Open Multiprocessing) technique is adopted to parallelize the code of a coupled 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model.It is shown that the computational efficiency is enhanced by over 80% due to the parallelization.The floods over both fixed and mobile beds are well reproduced with specified discharge hydrographs at the dam site.Qualitatively,backwater effects during the flood are resolved at the bifurcation between the Chuja and Katun rivers.Quantitatively,the computed maximum stage and thalweg are physically consistent with the field data of the bars and deposits.The effects of sediment transport and morphological evolution on the flood are considerable.Sensitivity analyses indicate that the impact of the peak discharge is significant,whilst those of the Manningroughness,medium sediment size and shape of the inlet discharge hydrograph are marginal.

Solid-phase microextraction for flavor analysis in Harari Khat （Catha edulis） stimulant

This research examined the typical flavor compounds in the commonest type of Khat called Harari Khat grown in the region of Ethiopia.Twenty-eight compounds, which includes 1,2-Propanedione,1-Phenyl,Hexanol,Hexanal compounds,Limonene, Benzaldehyde with other flavors, were extracted by polydimethylsiloxane at room temperature for 30min from Khat samples,and identified by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS).This method needs no organic solvents and required minimal sample.

Tree wave migration across an elevation gradient in the Altai Mountains,Siberia

The phenomenon of tree waves （hedges and ribbons） formation within the alpine ecotone in Altai Mountains and its response to observed air temperature increase was considered. At the upper limit of tree growth Siberian pine （Pinus sibirica） forms hedges on windward slopes and ribbons on the leeward ones. Hedges were formed by prevailing winds and oriented along winds direction. Ribbons were formed by snow blowing and accumulating on the leeward slope and perpendicular to the prevailing winds, as well as to the elevation gradient. Hedges were always linked with microtopography features, whereas ribbons were not. Trees are migrating upward by waves and new ribbons and hedges are forming at or near tree line, whereas at lower elevations ribbons and hedges are being transformed into dosed forests. Time series of high-resolution satellite scenes （from 1968 to 2OLO） indicated an upslope shift in the position ribbons averaged 155＋26 m （or 3-7 m yr^-1） and crown closure increased （about 35%-90%）. The hedges advance was limited by poor regeneration establishment and was negligible. Regeneration within the ribbon zone was approximately 2.5 times （5060 vs 2120 ha^-1） higher then within the hedges zone. During the last four decades, Siberian pine in both hedges and ribbons strongly increased its growth increment, and recent tree growth rate for 50 year-old trees was about twice higher than those recorded for similarly-aged trees at the beginning of the 20^th century. Hedges and ribbons are phenomena that are widespread within the southern and northern Siberian Mountains.

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water and Public Health in Alberta, Canada

A warming climate may affect the well-being through impacts on health and sustainability of its natural resources. Climate change, population growth, and agricultural and industrial development are increasing demand and pressure on Alberta＇s water supplies, and the risk to the health and well-being of Albertanso its economy and its aquatic ecosystems. An analytic framework was developed to help determine the adaptive capacity of the public health sector and its ability to cope with changes in climate and water quality and quantity. The framework includes possibilities for changes in public health processes, management, inputs, outputs, structure, financing, institutions, and policies. Research gaps and priorities related to impacts on the health sector from changed conditions of climate and water supply are offered.

Antibiotic Activity of the Essential Oil of Laurel （Laurus nobilis L,） on Eight Bacterial Strains

The recent studies unveil more and more therapeutic properties of the essential oil of Bay leaf （Laurus nobilis L.）. The aim of this study is to determine the chromatographic profile of the essential oil of Bay leaf cultivated under the climatic conditions of the Algerian East and to test its antibiotic activity, against 8 bacterial strains （Escherichia coil, Serratia sp., Proteus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus D, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii）, by using different concentrations. The GC/MS analysis showed that the essential oil is rich in eucalyptol （35.31%）, [3 linalool （22.52%）, eugenol methyl ether （9.17%）, camphene （7.37%） and 3 carene （5.39%）. The antibiotic activity of the essential oil was determined by the diffusion on agar method. Measuring diameters of inhibition method of Vincent [1] indicated that bacterial strains which are very sensitive to even very diluted essential oil are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus D, Serratia sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Acinetobacter baumanii exhibit less sensitivity and Proteus sp. is especially sensitive to the pure oil. Laurus nobilis L. is a Mediterranean endemic that presents an interesting antibacterial activity and its culture should be encouraged and expanded in Algeria.

Literary Translation and Loanwords： A Study of English and Igbo Translations ofFranz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater

Multilingualism and multiculturalism have become so characteristic of our times that it is hard to come by a literary work that is strictly monolingual. Languages in contact influence each other in various ways. One language could be more influential than the other as a result of linguistic and non-linguistic factors. A language that is documented and enjoys a more privileged political, economic, cultural, or religious position is likely to be more influential than another language that lacks these qualities. Languages in contact often borrow words from each other though a language that is considered to be more prestigious than another is more likely to be the donor language less prestigious one. Loanwords are therefore common among languages in contact. Intercultural literary communication is mostly effected through translation. Due to Africa＇s colonial experience, literary translation practice in Africa often involves European languages, Arabic, and indigenous African languages. In Nigeria, the languages that have played significant roles in literary translation include English, French, German, Arabic, and indigenous Nigerian languages. Franz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater which was written in German has been translated into English as Letter to His Father by Ernest Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins and into Igbo as Soro Okwu m maobu Leta （Ndi） Nna by Felicia Ibemesi. This paper sets out to study loanwords in the English and Igbo translations from a target reader＇s perspective

Artemia cyst production in Russia

In Western Siberia(Russia) there are about 100 Artemia lakes with total area over 1 600 km 2.Geographically these lakes are located between 51°–56°N and 61°–82°E.In general these lakes are shallow(depth less than 1.5 m),small or medium size(0.1 to 10 km 2);they are chloride;their total salinity is from 40 to 250 g/L.The harvesting of cysts per year is only in 20–40 lakes.In Russia 550 tons of dry Artemia cysts(14%–18% of the world production) were harvested annually.This includes about 350 tons in the Altai region and 200 tons in other regions.During our regular 20-year study period the cyst harvest was:95 tons in Kurgan;65 tons in Omsk,20 tons in Novosibirsk,20 tons in Tyumen.Ways of increasing cyst harvest in Russia are considered in this article.During the last 30 years the harvest of cysts in Russia has increased from 7–20 to 500–600 tons.A significant influence of dryness of the year was found on productivity in selected lakes,but taken for all the lakes together,the relationship was not significant.The optimal salinity for productivity of cysts in the lakes was determined.Analysis of productivity of the lakes and the harvesting results showed that the stocks of cysts are underutilized by approximately 1.7 times.

Anne Frank： The Commemoration of Individual Experiences of the Holocaust

Holocaust memorial sites rarely tell the story of individual fates but rather give attention to the main or larger population groups that were the focus of persecution and extermination during the Nazi Germany twelve years of terror in Europe 1933-45. This essay takes a closer look at one of the most remarkable exemptions of the prevailing memory culture at Holocaust memorials： the sites and events highlighting Anne Frank and her short life in troubled times. Over the past years millions of travelers from all over the world have shown a genuine interest in learning about the life world of their young heroine thus creating what has been termed Anne Frank Tourism. In 2014, 1.2 million people visited the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam： the museum and educational center, the place in hiding where she wrote her now famous and widely read diary. Several other sites connected to the life path of Anne Frank, from her birth place in Frankfurt to the Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp where her life prematurely ended, have also become part of the mostly young tourists＇ search for Anne Frank＇s life and legacy. With the rising popularity of Anne Frank related sites the management of some of the locales has become more problematic which is discussed in the context of a several museums, centers and historic sites. On a more general note, it is argued here that in recent years the more group oriented commemoration practices at Holocaust sites have given way to a trend of putting individual faces to the victims of the Holocaust. It was, in particular, novels, films and TV productions about the Holocaust that emphasized individual life paths and events and enticed visitation to more personalized sites. Steven Spielberg＇s popular movie Schindler＇s List, for example, contributed to ＂Schindler tourism＂, a form of special interest tourism in Krakow. More and more Holocaust memorial sites have also started to honor outstanding individuals or small groups in resistance and opposition to Nazi Germany. Examples of this are the fighters of the 1943 uprising at the Sobibor death camp and the courageous student members of the ＂White Rose＂ in Munich who stood up to the powers of the time and were executed. In the concluding part the question will be raised of what is the proper approach in the representation of the fate of the victims of Nazi Germany： A personalized approach or a greater focus on an explanation of the ideology and policies behind the rule of terror which may contribute to the visitors＇ better understanding of a complex history？

Muhammad Dib and Algerian Resistance Literature

Modern Algerian literature, unique among Arab national literary traditions, features a cultural blend of Arabic, Berber and French influences. The literature reflects their love of Algerian culture and thought, and their revolt against French colonialism. The Algerian-born Arab author Muhammad Dib （1920-2003） wrote in French, mainly about the Algerian struggle for independence. Expelled in 1959 for supporting the Algerian revolution, he settled in Paris. Considered a pioneer of Algerian literature, he was the first Arab Algerian to write Western-style novels. His Algerian trilogy, La Grande Maison, L ＇lncendie, and Le Mktier ~ tisser, was published between 1952 and 1957. Though autobiographical, the books trace both rural and urban life in pre-revolutionary times. Dib＇s 1959 thematically driven novel Un Otd Africaine （An African Summer）, analyzed here, rather than depicting the Algerian revolution itself, describes its effect on the characters and their lives. Nevertheless, the novel, framed around a cross-section of Algerian society, reflects colonial government abuses and the common people＇s sacrifices for their dream of independence. Dib also depicts France＇s colonialist attitudes as a betrayal of the ideals of the French Revolution and claims to humanitarian values.

阳光种种——写在世界末日

2232年6月21日,斯瓦尔巴特群岛。6月21日,夏至,一年中白天最长和夜晚最短的日子。但是这与我们关系不大,因为在世界最北岛屿的当前季节,我们有二十四小时的阳光。不过,在今天启动这一计划似乎还算合适。再过一周多的时间,“阿伯尔号”世代飞船将启程离开。对接夹释放,她将航向太空寻找人类的未来。遗留世界的阳光分类,这是我的临別赠礼。