阿利亚对以色列建国的影响

194 8年以色列建国前 ,散居世界的犹太人共掀起了 6次大规模的阿利亚。阿利亚对以色列建国产生了重大影响。阿利亚后 ,以色列工人运动建立了一个由犹太人自己履行一切经济职能和组织职能的社会 ;犹太工总成为移民发展的动力之一 ;希伯来语的复活 ,希伯来语报纸的发行及各类犹太学校的建立 ,培养了大批犹太专业技术人员 ,为以色列国的建立奠定了人才基础。犹太工总创立的哈加纳 ,成为建国后以色列国防军的主干力量。

也门犹太人阿利亚运动:嬗变与动因

也门犹太人是中东地区具有两千多年悠久历史传统的犹太社群,他们在20世纪上半叶的阿利亚运动中离开也门,逐渐融入巴勒斯坦犹太社会及之后1948年建立的以色列国。也门犹太人阿利亚运动的历史嬗变,根据不同历史时期差异化的移民规模、移民动力和移民方式,可划分为三个历史阶段。也门犹太人阿利亚运动的动因具有多维性:现代犹太复国主义思想影响下的犹太国家观念觉醒与转向是主要的认同动因;弥赛亚思想观念为早期阿利亚运动提供了宗教情感动力;阿犹族际关系恶化引发的生存困境是阿利亚运动的现实动因;巴勒斯坦伊休夫和以色列政府推动的人口移民战略,以及国际犹太人组织提供的支援,为阿利亚运动实施提供了移民接收国、外部援助和物质条件。正是在这些多维动因共同影响下,也门犹太人通过阿利亚运动重返“故土”,尝试融入以色列多元文化社会,而在“大熔炉”环境之下,他们面临着社会融入、认同调适等族群地位平等化的挑战。

1948-1965年摩洛哥犹太人阿利亚运动研究

犹太人在摩洛哥拥有悠久的历史,穆斯林和犹太人在摩洛哥长期和平共存,摩洛哥成为伊斯兰世界最亲犹的国家。摩洛哥国王对国内犹太人的保护、犹太复国主义组织和以色列政府的策划是发生在1948-1965年阿利亚运动成功的关键。摩洛哥犹太人阿利亚运动经历了早期时期、壁画行动时期和雅金行动时期,数量庞大的摩洛哥犹太人抵达以色列,提升了以色列的综合国力,形成了摩洛哥与以色列的特殊关系,有利于中东地区长期的和平。

20世纪40年代保加利亚犹太人移民以色列问题研究

犹太人在保加利亚具有悠久的历史。几个世纪以来,犹太人和保加利亚人一直以和平的方式生活在一起。第二次世界大战期间,纳粹思想在欧洲风起云涌,保加利亚跟随着希特勒迫害犹太人的步伐,在国内开展反犹运动。共和国建立后,在共产党的大力支持下和巴勒斯坦地区犹太组织的协助下,犹太人走上回归以色列的道路。犹太人的移民,对保以两国都具有重大意义。不仅提升了保加利亚国际形象,还为以色列提供了大量劳动力,促使两国形成特殊关系。

以色列国在此奠基──试论两次世界大战之间巴勒斯坦的“犹太民族家园”

从1917年英国发表贝尔福宣言表示支持在巴勒斯坦建立一个“犹太民族家园”到1939年第二次世界大战爆发，实际上是以色列国的“奠基时期”。其主要依据是：1．在此期间大批犹太人移居巴勒斯坦，使那里的犹太人在20年里激增到近50万，为“犹太民族家园”和后来的以色列国奠定了人口基础；2．在这20年里，巴勒斯坦犹太社团的经济、文化发展十分迅速，使“犹太民族家园”具备了雄厚的经济实力和较强的文化凝聚力，为后来以色列国的经济、文化发展创造了有利条件；3．这一时期巴勒斯坦的犹太自治结构日趋完善、成熟，使“犹太民族家园”成为一个“国中之国”。未来以色列国的雏形已经出现。

亚里士多德悲剧净化论视阈中的《大瀑布》

《大瀑布》是美国作者欧茨最新推出的一部长篇巨著。作品通过描述女主人公阿利亚的悲惨遭遇,揭示当代美国人的生存困境。小说中的大瀑布不仅是一种自然景观,而且是毁灭与新生力的象征。基于亚里士多德悲剧净化理论,从悲剧情节的发展、悲剧人物的设定和悲剧环境三方面,分析小说如何引起读者的怜悯和恐惧,以达到悲剧净化的效果。

法国启动旧轮胎回收一条龙服务

法国14家轮胎生产和销售商正式启动旧轮胎回收再利用一条龙服务。这14家厂商将其旧轮胎回收法定任务一揽子承包给它们创建的阿利亚皮尔联营公司，由该公司与全法国境内100多家环保企业签约，组织协调旧轮胎的回收、分类、翻新、分解和再生材料生产。

到蓝色星球去野营(连载一)

第一章蓝色星球老师按了一下遥控器上的按钮, 教室的荧光屏上显现出一片蓝色。老师解释道:"这就是地球的颜色,所以地球也叫做蓝色星球。就像大家看到的,在我们米拉星球上并没有这种颜色。" 阿利亚是班上年龄最小的一个学生,她睁着两只淡紫色的眼睛盯着荧光屏,伸长了脖子想要看清楚这种令人着迷的颜色。

Note on the Orchids of the Moutas Hunting Reserve--- Tlemcen （Western Algeria）

Through the Algerian orchid flora, several rare species remain endemic in the Maghreb. This note on the orchids will enrich the already existing data on the area of Tlemcen. Currently, the coexistence of orchids and species （such as Quercus faginea subsp. tlemcenensis （DC.） M., Lonicera implexa L. and Ruscus aculeatus L.） indicates an ecological environment of dominant forest. Nevertheless, the significant frequency of fires and human pressure is leading to erosion of this area orchids richness. This work enabled us to establish a complete inventory of the orchids species that exist, with an estimate of the populations and a taxon illustration for each of them. Fourteen species （14） were indexed, during the period of spring 2011 only, in this reserve and the scoured areas which do not exceed 2000 ha, representing 29% of the total Algerian orchids species. Among the rare taxa signed ourselves： Ophrys subfusca subsp. battandieri （Rchb.） Batt. and Dactylorhiza durandii （Boiss. and Reuter） M. Lainz in Oranie （O）＊

A hydrochemical study of the Hammam Righa geothermal waters in north-central Algeria

This study focuses on the hydrochemical characteristics of 47 water samples collected from thermal and cold springs that emerge from the Hammam Righa geothermal field, located in north-central Algeria. The aquifer that feeds these springs is mainly situated in the deeply fractured Jurassic limestone and dolomite of the Zaccar Mount. Measured discharge temperatures of the cold waters range from 16.0 to 26.5 ℃ and the hot waters from 32.1 to 68.2 ℃. All waters exhibited a near-neutral pH of 6.0-7.6. The thermal waters had a high total dis- solved solids （TDS） content of up to 2527 mg/l, while the TDS for cold waters was 659.0-852.0 mg/l. Chemical analyses suggest that two main types of water exist： hot waters in the upflow area of the Ca-Na-SO4 type （Ham- mam Righa） and cold waters in the recharge zone of the Ca-Na-HCO3 type （Zaccar Mount）. Reservoir tempera- tures were estimated using silica geothermometers and fluid/mineral equilibria at 78, 92, and 95℃ for HR4, HR2, and HRI, respectively. Stable isotopic analyses of the δ18O and δD composition of the waters suggest that the thermal waters of Hammam Righa are of meteoric origin. We conclude that meteoric recharge infiltrates through the fractured dolomitic limestones of the Zaccar Mount and is conductively heated at a depth of 2.1-2.2 km. The hotwaters then interact at depth with Triassic evaporites located in the hydrothermal conduit （fault）, giving rise to the Ca-Na-SO4 water type. As they ascend to the surface, the thermal waters mix with shallower Mg-rich ground- water, resulting in waters that plot in the immature water field in the Na-K-Mg diagram. The mixing trend between cold groundwaters from the recharge zone area （Zaccar Mount） and hot waters in the upflow area （Hammam Righa） is apparent via a chloride-enthalpy diagram that shows a mixing ratio of 22.6 〈 R 〈 29.2 %. We summa- rize these results with a geothermal conceptual model of the Hammam Righa geothermal field.

Effect of Plant Fiber-Polyacrylamide Blend on Retention and Evaporation Water at Arid and Semi-Arid Soils of Algeria

Soil and water conservation is essential for sustaining food production and for preserving the environment in arid and semi arid lands （ASALs） where conditions for agriculture and other land use systems are often harsh and unpredictable. The ASALs of Algeria are an important source of a variety of non wood forest products like Stipa tenacissima L. plant （esparto grass）. This research was conducted to determine the effects of different low concentration （〈 I%） polyacrylaJnide, Stipa tenacissima L. fiber （esparto grass fibers） and its mixtures with the polymer at water retention in arid and semi arid soil. All samples are characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray Diffractometry, thermal analysis TG DSC and scanning electron micrographs （SEM）. The results showed that polymer blend in soil could improve better soil physical proprieties decreased evaporation and increase water retention in arid soils compared with application of any other blend at the same concentration. The use of Polyacrylamide-Cellulose blend appears to promise for reducing the labor cost of irrigation at arid and semi-arid soils, and offers safe and environmentally friendly inexpensive materials. The importance of Polyacrylamide-Cellulose blends to alleviate poor physical properties and retain water in these arid regions to sustain plant growth.

Trace Metals in Sediments, Macroalgae and Benthic Species from the Western Part of Algerian Coast

The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were measured in sediments and specimens of four marine organisms： green algae （Enteromorpha linza）, red algae （Corallina officinalis）, mollusc limpet （Patella ferruginea） and sea urchin （Paracentrotus lividus）. The samples were collected at four coastal stations located in two areas in the North-Western Algerian coast： Ghazaouet and Beni-saf. These areas are influenced by anthropogenic activities （harbour and industrial and urban wastes）. Metal concentrations measured in sediments and biota indicated that the area of Ghazaouet was the most polluted. We found high variability of metal bioaccumulation among the four species analysed. The highest concentrations were recorded in the algae whereas metal concentrations in sea urchin and limpet were more correlated with sediments metal concentrations.

Synopsis of Fire＇s Forest in the Province of Sidi Bel Abbes： Analysis and Cartography

In order to characterize the forest fires in the province of Sidi Bel Abbes （North West of Algeria） and depending on a statistical data analysis of a 17-year period （1996-2012）, our works are oriented toward a study of the area covered by forest fires in the 53 constituent municipalities of the region. To do this, we depended on the archives of the forest fires balance sheets in forest conservation in the wilaya of Sidi Bel Abbes. The results show that the region lost an annual average 29,929 ha of its total forest area for a maximum of 11,817.5 ha recorded in 2012. On the other hand, the use of the fire severity index ＂FSI＂ by town and its cartography in which we used the map of administrative division of the study area as support, has divided the region into six classes according to the risk of fire, where the municipalities belonging to the forest of Telagh whose land is rugged represent the risk of fire is greater. Indeed, this situation category the study area among the most exposed wilaya and the most affected by this problem at the national level and require new approaches to forest management for its conservation. These are paramount in reducing the risk of fires based on appropriate management plans to be established for each forest conservation area.

Physico-chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Algerian Raw Camel＇s Milk and Identification of Predominating Thermophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria

The dromedary camel （Camelus dromedarius） is a significant socioeconomic importance in several arid and semi-arid regions of North Africa and Middle East, and its milk constitutes an important component of human diets in these regions. The camel milk plays a vital role in the food of the Algerian nomads in the Sahara. During February and September, 20 samples of the raw camel＇s milk were taken starting from different livestock of camels from three different Sahariennes regions （Bechar, EI-Bayadh and Naama）. These 20 collected samples were analyzed by physico-chemical and microbiological methods. The results of physicochemical analyze obtained from two hot and cold seasons are respectively the following： T ~C （35.83 and 33.95）, pH （6.36 and 6.49）, density （1.031 and 1.032）, dornic acidity （18.6 and 18.3 ~D）, dry matter （93.4 and 144.8 g/L）, fat contents （30 and 52.1 g/L）, total protein （26.3 and 33.1 g/L） and ashes （7.46 and 8.66 g/L）. The protein profile obtained by electrophoretic analysis （SDS-PAGE） showed that camel milk contains several types of proteins and some have a molecular weight identical to major proteins of the cow＇s milk. The final results showed that camel milk has generally a comparable composition to that of bovine milk. The microbiological analysis, of these samples, detected a significant number of the total microflora, Staphylococcus aureus and total coliforms. The absence of Clostridium and fecal coliforms was observed. Several species of lactic acid bacteria were detected such as Lactococcus lactis subsp, lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp, lactis biovar, diacetylactis, Weissella cibaria and Enteroccocusfeacalis.

Some Problems of Irrigation Water Management in Lower Cheliff Plain （Algeria）

In the Lower Cheliff Plain （northwestern of Algeria）, the waters resources are limited; the adoption of a rational approach in the management of irrigation water in the irrigated perimeter poses an inequality in the balance between supply and demand. The two surface water resources, Gargar and Merdjet Sidi Abed dams, do not satisfy the requirements of agriculture water. According to the National Office of the Irrigation and Drainage data, the quantity of allocated water is never distributed; the difference between allocated water and drop water can also exceed 20%, and then, another problem of management is that the water losses in the distribution can reach 20% again. The shortage irrigation water resource allocated has constrained the farmers to use groundwater. The chemical analysis of 56 simples to this water showed a significant chemical diversity in the compositions. There is a high salinity risk （C3 class） or very high risk （C4 class） of soil salinisation. A space chart distribution to the EC water probability to exceed 2.25 dS/m interpolated by the indicator kriging method showed that 78% of the groundwater surface presents a significant probability to exceed this limit. The average value of the SAR （sodium adsorption ratio） is lower than 10 that indicates a moderate risk of sodisation. This observation is in contradiction with the high values of the SAR measured in the soil solution. The approach of residual alkalinity （RSC） shows that a good number of drillings analyzed presents a positive sign RSC （RSC 〉 0）. This water presents a real danger of sodisation. They have a low salinity, which, for a farmer, does not present any danger.

Design and Description of a Photovoltaic Pumping System： Application in the Site of Adrar

The Saharan areas and in particular the isolated sites are characterized by low levels of population, in dispersed cores, which suffer from serious problems of water supply for consumption and the irrigation. The photovoltaic pumping systems （PV） are an ideal solution for these problems. Despite the presence of several photovoltaic pumping systems （PVPS） projects, data acquisition system is still missing in most cases. In this work, the authors will present the PVPS installed at the unit of research in renewable energies in Saharan medium （URERMS, Algeria）. This system will enable us to better analyze the performances ofa photovoltaic pumping system in Saharan medium. The principal elements of the chain of the photovoltaic pumping system are： a photovoltaic generator, the power conditioning system, a motor-driven pump immersed group, an electric wiring, a hydraulic infrastructure which comprises a water tank.

The Effect of a Dietary Supplement Spirulina and Bifidobacterium adolescentis on the Cholesterol-Lowering in Vitro and in Vivo

The survey＇s results showed a significant percentage of women and especially men having an above normal cholesterol. In order to help reduce excessive rate of blood cholesterol, we used a local strain of Spirulina （Tamanrasset, in south of Algeria） associated with probiotic bacteria （Bf adolescentis）. Experiments in vitro showed a significant degradation of total cholesterol by the combination of Spirulina and Bf adolescentis （74.5%） after 72 hours incubation at 37 ~C. A cholesterol is added to the standard diet mice in order to increase the total cholesterol for three lots. However, the rates of total cholesterol in mice receiving lower fermented milk with Bf adolescentis enriched by dry Spirulina. This shows that the decrease of cholesterol rate is closely related to the presence of Bf adolescentis and Spirulina. In vitro and in vivo results show, however, that it is possible to obtain a natural product （Spirulina） and a pseudo-strain lactic （Bf adolescentis） and to participate in the prevention of cardiovascular disease risk factor whose hand is cholesterol.

Aerobic Spore-Forming Bacteria in the Ultra High Temperature Milk Produced in the North West of Algeria

The occurrence of the spore-forming bacteria in different segments of production lines of Ultra High Temperature （UHT） milk of a commercial plant and its transfer to the final product was studied. The samples were collected from different segments of production lines from reception to packaging sections, over a period of 75 days at a rate of one sampling a week, from plants in North West of Algeria. The total colony count of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was done using Plate Count Agar （PCA） method. The results showed that there was more than 1 ×10^3 CFU/mL at the level of 50%, 25%, 37.5%, 62.5% and 37.5% of the analyzed samples of milk powder, pasteurized milk, UHT milk （before storage）, UHT milk stored at 55℃ for 7 days and UHT milk stored at 30℃ for 14 days, respectively. The mean total colony count of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was considerably lower in the UHT milk than in the other samples, while the higher proportion of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was noticed to be 32.58% and 30.90% in the UHT milk stored at 55℃ and 30℃, respectively. The results obtained by the classic biochemical identification （Bacillus API 20E）, interpreted by software of calculation for microbial identification reflected the presence of especially Bacillus sphaericus. The other species found were： Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus stearothermophilus. The study reveals that the proportion of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in the final product depends on temperature and storage periods.