《史乔如墓志》与阿史那氏谱系诸问题考述

洛阳出土《史乔如墓志》所载史氏家族人物,学界一直将其视为粟特史氏族裔,但通过《元和姓纂》阿史那氏家族谱系和史传相关人物传记的梳理,可知史乔如家族出自西突厥阿史那弥射一族。通过《史乔如墓志》的佐证和阿史那氏家族谱系的重构,可推知阿史那弥射一支出自处罗可汗,而且处罗曾为隋安西都护,是隋与西域、西突厥关系的重要人物,对重新考察隋西域民族关系也具有重要参考意义。

阿史那施(勿施)墓志笺证考释——兼论隋至唐初与突厥关系

引言以往研究隋唐与突厥民族之间的关系发展,主要依据《隋书》、两《唐书》、《北史》等正史,以及《通典》《资治通鉴》《唐会要》《册府元龟》等史籍文献。二十世纪以来,中国大陆先后发现许多隋唐时期突厥民族的墓志碑铭,丰富了我们对突厥民族历史与文化的认识,也补充传统文献上的疏漏错误之处。1956年,陕西省西安市东郊沙坡村东南出土《唐故右屯卫翊府右郎将阿史那施(勿施)墓志》(以下简称《勿施墓志》)。志、盖均是长、宽各31厘米的正方形,墓志盖文4行,满行3字,篆书,刻写'大唐故阿史那府君墓志之铭'等12字,四刹为宝相花纹。

“武成”谥号考订

本文以新出土的北周墓志对唐修《北史》、《周书》中的谬误进行甄别、考辨 。

Arab Uprising, African Youth, and the Burden of History： Hegemony or Revolution？

Youth in Africa must be put in context： from colonialism to post-colonial politics underpinned by ethnic rivalry, tribalism, dictatorship, or the rule of strongmen. The context also included the more than one generation of perverse military rule. In each of the historical epochs, no African leadership built the youth; there was no ideology or a value system transmitted to the youth. Accordingly it becomes increasingly difficult in the twenty-first century attempting to mobilize the African youth as meaningful change agents. The possible exception to these failures was the Ghana Young Pioneers. The manifestation of this neglect in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa is the hoard of jobless youth involved in crime and other deviant behaviors. Thus to build the youth who will develop the society, African states will necessarily have to invest in the youth, evolve an ideology and an African world view, which will be transmitted to the youth, and which will constitute a driving force for their mobilization as critical agents of change.

Great Powers and Albanian National Movement （1878-1914）

The history of the Albanian national movement is closely connected with two key factors： internal development in the Albanian-populated areas in the Balkans as well as politics of the Great Powers. Berlin Congress of 1878 totally neglected interests of the Albanians. Subsequently, Treaty of Berlin became the starting point for creation of the Albanian League of Prizren （1878-1881） as well as future development of the Albanian national movement. Russia as well as other Great Powers played a controversial role in that context.

The Dates of the Reign of Vakhtang Gorgasali

Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril Toumanoff has expressed an opinion about the identification of Vakhtang Gorgasali with the King of Kartli Gurgen, mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea in 523. Accordingly, he believed that in case of such an identification, Vakhtang Gorgasali should have died in 527 during the big Persian invasion of Georgia. We have noticed that the author of the martyrdom of David and Constantine, who were based on the ancient chronicle （＂Dzveli Utskebani＂---Old Story） and who created his hagiographic work in the middle of 1 lth century, made a big mistake： erroneously, due to the similarity of names, he identified the sons of Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali Darchil and Mihrdat and the invasion of Persians in their reign with the sons of the ruler of Georgia （Kartli） Stephanoz III Mihrdat and Archil and invasions of Arabs and Marwan ibn Muhammad （Murvan Qru--＂Marwan the Deaf＇） that took place two centuries later, in the 30s of 8th century. Consequently, the author related the martyrdom on the background of Arab invasions. The fact that according to the author of the martyrdom, the sons of Vakhtang Gorgasali were in West Georgia, namely Anakopia, and fought the so-called Arabs there, makes it clear that the historical developments were taking place in the period of the Great Persian-Byzantine War of 542-562. In the title of the work it is mentioned that the invasion, during which the martyrdom of David and Constantine took place, happened in the vicinity of the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Thus, it becomes clear that King Vakhtang Gorgasali could not have died during the Persian-Byzantine War of 502-505 and that the Great Invasion of Persians described in the ＂Georgian Chronicles＂, in which Vakhtang Gorgasali was wounded, could only have happened in 527. The king must have died during a war between Persia and Byzantium in 527-532, more specifically in 527 when Persians invaded Georgia. Proceeding from the above, the surmise of Cyril Toumanoff regarding the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali in 527 becomes more convincing and well-grounded. Since it is known that King Vakhtang Gorgasali lived 60 years, the date of his birth can be presumed to be 466-467. This gives us an opportunity to establish a more precise date of reign ofVakhtang＇s father-Mihrdat and his grandfather-Archil. The dates of reign we have put forward for kings Mihrdat and Archil （Archil ,130-463, Mihrdat--463-473） correspond to the information of the Assyrian version of the Life of Peter the Iberian.

Strengthening and Restoration of Historical Structures Mirahor Ilyas Beg Mosque in Korca

The Mirahor Ilyas Beg Mosque, built in 1496 in Korea, is one of a few Ottoman mosques still existing in Albania and the only Ottoman monument in the city. The mosque was built using cut stone and brick. It has a strong image a cubic mass rising over a square plan. Inside there are found pictures of the mosque in the past and different famous mosques. During its existence, it was damaged from many earthquakes occurring at this area. Due to amortization, the mosque＇s structural properties were weakened and architectural values were dimmed. Proper strengthening methods need to be applied, not only to improve structural conditions, but also to preserve architectural features of the mosque. In this paper assessment of existing conditions of the structure is carried out Based on the obtained results, solutions for the structural problems are investigated. As for restoration, the repair methods to be applied were examined taking into consideration at what extent the historical values of the building will be preserved. The proposed strengthening methods are the ones which would affect the least the mosque＇s historical values.

Paleo and New Earthquakes and Evaluation of North Tabriz Fault Displacement in Relation to Recurrence Interval of Destructive Earthquakes

Azerbaijan is one of the most active segments of the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt and marks the junction between the African-Arabian and Indian plate to the south and Eurasian plate to the north. Several regional earthquakes have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. For example, the magnitude 7 to 7.7 Tabriz earthquake in 1780, which is the most strongest experienced one in Lesser Caucasus and east of Turkey and caused severe damage in Azerbaijan territory including Tabriz City. The urban area of Tabriz City lies on Miocene to Quaternary soft sediments （clays, sands, silts, and gravels.） resting on an old Tertiary basement. Previous studies have shown that the thickness of such soft sediments could largely influence the site response in case of an important regional earthquake. The accurate information about historical earthquakes and new faulting is an important tool for viewing the active tectonic and analyzing the earthquake risk and seismic migration. Historical records of earthquakes in Tabriz based on macro and micro seismic observations cover period of 1,000 to 1,400 years. Our study aims at mapping the seismic response of a pilot zone of Tabriz for different earthquake scenarios, a simple but robust.

Exploration of Trauma Narrative in The Kite Runner

As the first Afghan novel written in English by Afghan American writer Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner provides reader a window into Afghan history and culture as well as the impact of trauma on individuals Through interweaving progagonist Amir＇s personal trauma from sin to self-salvation with the racial and national conflicts as the collective trauma of the Afghan, Khaled Hosseinni not only foregrounds the coming-of-age theme of sin, guilt, and redemption but also successfully presents the racial conflicts and national pain in Afghanstain. Under the framework of trauma theory and through close reading of the novel, the aim of the present paper is to analyze how trauma is narrated in the novel and thus help readers to have a better understanding about the Afghan history and life

Beyond Agricola: The Multiple Origins of European Knowledge in Adam Schall von Bell’s Chinese Mining and Metallurgy Handbook Kunyu Gezhi(1640)

In 2015, a previously unknown manuscript was discovered in the Nanjing Library. It contained a Chinese mining and metallurgy handbook, and was identified as a copy of the Kunyu gezhi 坤輿格致, known as the lost Chinese translation of Georgius Agricola’s(1494–1555) De re metallica(1556) by Jesuit Adam Schall von Bell(1592–1666). A closer look at the text, however, reveals that, besides parts of Agricola’s book, content by at least four other European authors was included: Vannoccio Biringuccio(1480–1539), Modestinus Fachs(?–before 1595), Lazarus Ercker(1528/30–1594), and José de Acosta(1539/40–1599/1600). This study demonstrates how their books became available in China, why they were selected as sources for the Kunyu gezhi, and how they were eventually used and incorporated. From this, it becomes apparent that Schall and his collaborators spared no effort to conduct this ambitious knowledge transfer project, and to present European technology at its best to the emperor.

Behavioral conditions： and life history responses to extreme climatic Studies on a migratory songbird

Behavioral responses to environmental change are the mechanisms that allow for rapid phenotypic change preventing temporary or permanent damage and hence preventing reductions in fitness. Extreme climatic events are by definition rare, although they are predicted to increase in amplitude and frequency in the coming years. However, our current knowledge about behavioral responses to such extreme events is scarce. Here I analyze two examples of the effects of extreme weather events on behavior and life history： （1） A comparison of behavior and life history during extremely warm and extremely cold years relative to normal years; and （2） a comparison of behavior before and after the extremely early snowfall in fall 1974 when numerous birds died in the Alps during September-October. Behavioral and life history responses of barn swallows Hirundo rustica to extremely cold and extremely warm years were positively correlated, with particularly large effect sizes in cold years. Extreme mortality in barn swallows during fall migration 1974 in the Alps eliminated more than 40% of the breeding population across large areas in Central and Northern Europe, and this affected first arrival date, changes in timing and extent of reproduction and changes in degree of breeding sociality supposedly as a consequence of correlated responses to selection. Finally, I provide directions for research that will allow us to better understand behavior and life history changes in response to extreme climate change [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 351-362, 2011].

A HISTORIC VISIT

Chinese President Xi Jinping（front left）,accompanied by Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud（front right）,visits the historic Murabba＇Palace in Riyadh,capital of Saudi Arabia,on January 20.The Chinese president started the 2016 diplomatic year with a state visit to Saudi Arabia,Egypt and Iran on January 19-23.During his two-day trip in Saudi Arabia,the first by a Chinese head of state to the kingdom in seven years,

Vascular trauma： selected historical reflections from the western world

In the spirit of international exchanges of knowledge with colleagues from all over the world, who are interested in the care and treatment of vascular trauma, we offer selected historical reflections from the western world on vascular trauma. Whereas there are a number of key individuals and a variety of events that are important to us in our writing, we know essentially nothing about what is written by other cultures and, particularly, the Chinese. It is well recognized around the world that Chinese surgeons are among the first to be highly successful in re-plantation of severed extremities, repairing both injured arteries and veins. Also, we recognize that there are contributions in other parts of the world, which are not well known to us collectively. Contributions from the Arabic speaking part of the world come to mind because there is periodic brief reference. We offer our perspective hoping that there will be one or more Chinese surgeons who will offer us the benefit of sharing their perspective on important historical contribu- tions to the managing of vascular trauma outside of the western world, and, particularly, the English speaking literature. Once again, we encourage our colleagues in the Arabic speaking world to provide us with their perspective of the development and management of vascular trauma.

Tree ring-dated fluctuation history of Midui glacier since the Little Ice Age in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Fluctuation history of Midui glacier in the southeastern Tibet since the Little Ice Age(LIA) was reconstructed by the dating of lateral and terminal moraines using tree rings.Four conversions of glacier advance/stabilization to retreat were identified at around 1767,1875,1924 and 1964.The glacier reached its LIA maximum position at 1767.The fluctuations are consistent with those of other glaciers from the Tibetan Plateau,the Rockies and the Alps,suggesting high spatial coherency of glacier fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere.Comparison with the summer temperature reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau indicated that the Midui glacier fluctuation may be related to temperature variation on the centennial timescale.On the decadal scale,the fluctuation could correspond to cold/warm variation with an 8-year lag on average.