概论平原防护林与农业可持续发展

平原区防护林实际是以农田防护林和草牧场防护林为主体框架的,包括固沙林、水土保持林、盐碱地造林、小片用材林、薪炭林及"四旁"绿化与其他林种相结合的防护林业生态工程体系。我国平原区,可分为平原农业区和风沙区。平原农业区以农田防护林网为主体,风沙区以防风的固沙林为主体。因此,本文重点叙述农田生态防护林和草牧场防护林。

Planning Sustainable Consumption and Quality of Life in the Baku City

The study of sustainable consumption （SC） and quality of life （QoL） in Baku City was undertaken as part of the Baku Strategic Plan prepared by the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University, and partially supported by the Society of Urbanists of Azerbaijan, Research Group. The key purpose of the research was to provide useful information for developing planning and design strategies that would foster sustainable urbanization through enhancing QoL and consumption, which was one of the most important principles of sustainable urbanization. Another purpose was to explore the impact of environmental, economic, social, physical, and health-related indicators on SC and QoL satisfaction among Baku residents. Ultimately, the research will provide recommendations which will further enhance the SC and QoL in Baku City at a number of levels, from empowering communities at a local level to participate in the evolution of their neighborhoods to influence institutional and corporate objectives and sustainability policies. The information collated will feed into the Baku Strategic Planning Process and help to determine developed strategies for urban development and urban regeneration.

Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Agricultural Policy Reforms on Sustainability of Groundwater Resources of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has achieved extensive development and expansion in agriculture sector and achieved self sufficiency in a number of agricultural crops including wheat, fodders, dates, some vegetables and fruits. Considering the future growing need for food and water, government of Saudi Arabia has formulated and implemented a number of policy reforms for conservation, optimal utilization and sustainable development of natural resources of the Kingdom. The present study focuses on potential future impacts on natural resources conservations and strategic planning due to recent policy reforms （Council of Ministers （CoM） on Water Resources Management and Conservation （Decision No. 335）） issued on September 2008. The modeling of wheat agriculture was performed based on detailed analysis of water application practices in wheat growing regions/districts and future projection of wheat irrigation in context of recent government water resources conservation strategy. The results clearly indicated a significant positive impact will be occurred in terms of huge relief on highly stressed and limited national strategic groundwater resources. The present study estimated a saving and conservation of more than 51.0 billion cubic meters （BCM） of non-renewable groundwater resources during next 11 years.

Social Networks Among Migrants in Saudi Arabia （SA）： Opportunities and Implications

This paper presents results of a pilot research conducted among social networks of both Sudanese and Egyptians in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia （SA）. The main objectives of the research are focused into four interrelated issues： （1） to analyse the structural-function of the social networks of Sudanese and Egyptian migrants; （2） to explain the opportunities and challenges confronting the social networks; （3） to examine the elements of implications on SA society as perceived by the networks; and （4） to identify perceived future visions of the social network members in the context of their social and economic remittances in both countries. The research has applied a qualitative method and a structured interview sheet was used for data collection. The Sudanese sample focused on members from a Nubian social network in ]eddah who resemble skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled labours, while the Egyptian sample selected randomly from semi-skilled youth labours and unskilled labours as informal groups. The research has found some differences in the structural functions of both groups. There are many similarities shared between the two groups in relation to conserving social ties, support and cooperation as one homogeneous socio-ethnic groups in the hosting country. Also, the results show that both groups follow similar strategies of social and economic remittances to home land. Moreover, both groups are suffering and facing many shared challenges regarding economic security and sustainability in the hosting country. While, the Sudanese group has clear vision in respect of the betterment of the migrants in SA, the Egyptian group perceives the future as gloomy and uncertain.

Research on the Sustainability of Afghanistan Based on the Emergy Analysis

Afghanistan is an important country for the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road（the Belt and Road） proposed by China. Due to years of war,Afghanistan is not well-developed economically. However,Afghanistan has abundant mineral resources and unique geographical advantages that are of far-reaching significance for Chinese economic strategic development. To investigate the sustainability of the eco-economic system of Afghanistan,we completed a quantitative evaluation of the emergy of Afghanistan during the period 2008 to 2015 by establishing an indicator system based on an emergy analysis. Results showed that from 2008 to 2015,the total emergy used of Afghanistan increased from 5.56×10^（22） sej to 9.75×10^（22） sej,among which the proportion of non-renewable emergy was less than 25.7%. This indicates that local resources in Afghanistan have yet to be exploited and utilized effectively and that its economic development relied heavily on the input of external resources. Meanwhile,the Emergy Sustainability Index（ESI） of Afghanistan from 2008 to 2015 dropped from 3.00 to 0.72,the Environmental Loading Ratio（ELR） increased from 0.77 to 2.06,and the Emergy Yield Ratio（EYR） dropped from 2.31 to 1.49,reflecting the imbalanced utilization of resources and the low level of economic development in Afghanistan. As a result,the potential for sustainable development of Afghanistan is relatively great. Basic infrastructure construction and reasonable exploitation of natural resources are the urgent needs.