下向因果性与附生性——论金宰权对突现论的反对

物理主义的突现论与还原论之争是旷日持久的。还原论者有强烈的愿望为不同领域的学科提供一种统一、简单的说明,并建立各种各样的还原模型。作为还原论的反对者之一,突现论的命运出现了转机,借助于自然科学研究事实,坚持同一系列事件或属性之间有某种不相容性。在认识论和本体论方面存在物质和属性有别于其基础的、低层次的物质和属性,主张用突现性来描述和解释这些现象之间的关联性。文章在介绍还原论的附生性论题和突现论的下向因果性主张的基础上,进一步分析金宰权在其还原论主张中提出的以消解下向因果性为目的的两个著名论题,指出其论证过程中存在的问题和不足。文章认为突现性完全可以避免金宰权所设的"副现象或还原"的两难困境。

附生性理论:一种反还原论物理主义路向

活力论与附生性从不同角度尝试跨越生物哲学和心灵哲学的二分法,对解读生物和心灵起源有着重要理论意义。特别是,附生性为跨越二元论和还原论的鸿沟做出了承诺,它既是一种本体关系,也是一种依赖关系,从心灵哲学视阈试图解决"心—物"关系,形成一条反还原论物理主义路线,只是研究在解释力和本体论的探讨上存有不足。

茉莉常见病害的发生及综合治理

茉莉常见病害的发生及综合治理胡淑霞（安徽农业大学茶业系合肥·２３００６１）茉莉是茶用香花中最重要的一种花卉。据不完全统计，全国茉莉栽培面积（除台湾省外）已达３３．３５ｋｍ２，但由于多种病害的发生和危害，严重地影响了茉莉花的产量和质量，从而给茉莉花茶生...

石斛特性在龙陵的利用及床式栽培技术

从生态环境独特性、珍稀名贵中药性、真菌共生性、气生性、附生性等方面概述了石斛特性在龙陵产业发展中的利用,结合生产实践及栽培试验结果,提出床式栽培技术措施.

pH Stability of Defibrase_ in Aqueous Solution Determined by En-zyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Stability of Defibrase in various pH buffer solutions was investigated. Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and coagulating time method were used to assess antigenic stability and coagulating stability, respectively. The change of antigenic activities and coagulating activities of Defibrase in the same buffer solutions (pH 6, 7 and 8, with the exception of pH 3.6) showed similar tendency to decline with the time. Concentrated Defi-brase was relatively stable at neutral pH 6~7, more than 95% of its initial activities (100BUmL-1) was kept after a 10-day storage at 40 oC, whereas in pH 3.6 and pH 9 buffer solutions, diluted Defibrase was very labile. Addition of Triton X-100 or bovine serum albumin could effectively prevent loss of Defibrase by minimizing adsorption of De-fibrase to plastic surface (P<0.005). Concentration of Defibrase could also affect its stability in aqueous solutions.

Epiphytic bacterial communities on two common submerged macrophytes in Taihu Lake: diversity and host-specificity

Leaves of terrestrial and aquatic plants are home to a wide diversity of bacterial species. However, the diversity and variability of epiphytic bacteria on their submerged plant hosts remains poorly understood. We investigated the diversity and composition of epiphytic bacteria from two common submerged macrophytes: Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata in Taihu Lake, Jiangsu, China, using methods of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses targeted at bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The results show that: (1) the libraries of the two waterweeds contain wide phylogenetic distribution of bacteria, and that the sequences of the two libraries can be separated into 93 OTUs (at 97% similar value); (2) Betaproteobacteria, including Burkholderiales, was the most abundant bacterial group on both plants. Cyanobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the second largest groups on V. natans and H. verticillata, respectively. Both clone libraries included some sequences related to those of methanotrophs and nitrogen-fixing bacteria; (3) Cluster analysis of the T-RFLP profiles showed two distinct clusters corresponding to the two plant populations. Both ANOSIM of the T-RFLP data and Libshuff analysis of the two clone libraries indicated a significant difference in epiphytic bacterial communities between the two plants. Therefore, the epiphytic bacterial communities on submerged macrophytes appear to be diverse and host-specific, which may aid in understanding the ecological functions of submerged macrophytes in general.

Binding energy of donors in symmetric triangular quantum wells

Hydrogen-like donor impurity states in symmetric triangular quantum wells are investigated by using a variational method.Both the effects of the variable effective mass of electrons and the spatially dependent dielectric constant are considered in the calculation.The numerical results show that the binding energy depends on not only the effective mass and dielectric constant but also the spatial distribution of electron probability density.The binding energies of donor states get the maximums at the well-center.The results are also compared with those obtained in parabolic and square wells.It is seen that the triangular well support the highest binding energies for donor states.

Differential expression and regulation of integral membrane protein 2b in rat male reproductive tissues

Aim： To examine the expression and regulation of integral membrane protein 2b （Itm2b） in rat male reproductive tissues during sexual maturation and under different treatments by in situ hybridization. Methods： Testis, epididymis, and vas deferens were collected on days 1-70 to examine Itm2b expression during sexual maturation. To further examine the regulation of Itm2b, adult rats underwent surgical castration and cryptorchidism. Ethylene dimethane sulfonate and busulfan treatments were carried out to test the regulation of Itm2b after destruction of Leydig cells and germ cells. Results： In testis, Itm2b expression was moderately detected in the adluminal area of seminiferous cords on days 1-10, and detected at a low level in the spermatogonia on days 20 and 30. The Itm2b level was markedly increased in Leydig cells from day 20 to day 70. In epididymis and vas deferens, Itm2b was detected from neonate to adults, and the signal gradually increased in accordance with sexual maturation. Itm2b expression was significantly downregulated in epididymis and vas deferens of castrated rats, and strongly stimulated when castrated rats were treated with testosterone. Cryptorchidism led to a significant decline of Itm2b expression in testis and caput epididymis. Itm2b expression in epididymis and vas deferens was significantly decreased after the Leydig ceils were destroyed by ethylene dimethane sulfonate. Busulfan treatment produced no obvious change in Itm2b expression in epididymis or vas deferens. Conelusion： Our data suggested that Itm2b expression is upregulated by testosterone and might play a role in rat male reproduction.

Responses of bacterial community to potential heap construction methods of fine-grained copper tailings in column bioleaching system

The column bioleaching of copper flotation tailings was comparatively investigated using layered heap construction method(LM),agglomerate heap construction method(AM),and pellets-sintering heap construction method(PM).The bacterial communities of free,attached,weakly-attached,and strongly-attached microbes in the later bioleaching stage were investigated.In AM group,the addition of lump sulphide ore resulted in the low leachate pH,high ferric iron concentration,and rapid microbial adsorption,which obtained the maximum copper extraction(60.1%)compared with LM(54.6%)and PM(43.9%)groups.The relative abundance of dominant genera and microbial communities of different microbiota underwent changes in three heap construction methods.The alpha-diversity indexes of attached,weakly-attached,and strongly-attached microbes were different,while no significant change was observed in free bacteria.The variation of whole bacterial community was significantly associated with solution pH,total iron,and ferric iron concentrations.Pearson correlation analysis and partial least square path model both indicated that attached bacteria made larger contribution to the copper extraction of tailings.

Enhancing the separation performance by introducing bioadhesive bonding layer in composite pervaporation membranes for ethanol dehydration

A high performance composite membrane was prepared under the inspiration of bioadhesion principles for pervaporative dehydration of ethanol.Chitosan(CS)and polyacrylonitrile(PAN)ultrafiltration membranes were used as the active layer and the support layer,respectively.Guar gum(GG),a natural bioadhesive,was introduced as the intermediate bonding layer to improve the separation performance and stability of the fabricated CS/GG/PAN composite membranes.The contact angle of the GG layer was just between those of the CS layer and the PAN layer,minimizing the difference of hydrophilicity between the active layer and the support layer.The peeling strength of the composite membrane was significantly enhanced after the introduction of the GG layer.The effects of preparation conditions and operation conditions including GG concentration,operating temperature and ethanol concentration in feed on the pervaporation performance were investigated.The as-fabricated CS/GG/PAN composite membrane showed the optimum performance with a permeation flux of up to804 g·m-2·h-1and a separation factor higher than 1900.Besides,the composite membranes exhibited a desirable long-term operational stability.

Bioremediation potential of spirulina:toxicity and biosorption studies of lead

This study examines the possibility of using live spirulina to biologically remove aqueous lead of low concentration (below 50 mg/L) from wastewater. The spirulina cells were first immersed for seven days in five wastewater samples containing lead of different concentrations, and the growth rate was determined by light at wavelength of 560 nm. The 72 h-EC50 (72 h medium effective concentration) was estimated to be 11.46 mg/L (lead). Afterwards, the lead adsorption by live spirulina cells was conducted. It was observed that at the initial stage (0–12 min) the adsorption rate was so rapid that 74% of the metal was bio- logically adsorbed. The maximum biosorption capacity of live spirulina was estimated to be 0.62 mg lead per 105 alga cells.

Proteome of human colon cancer stem cells:A comparative analysis

AIM： To isolate and identify the biological characteristics of human colon cancer stem cells （SW1116 cells） and further study their proteome. METHODS： SW1116 cells were isolated and cultured with a serum-free medium （SFM）. Sphere formation was assayed to observe the formation of colon cancer stem cell spheres. SW1116 cells were inoculated into a serum-containing medium for observing their differentiation characteristics. Proliferation curve and cross-resistance of SWl116 cells to different drugs were detected by MTT. Percentage of SP cells in SW1116 cells was detected with Hoechst33342 staining. Telomerase activity in SW1116cells was checked by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Expressions of stem cell relevant genes and proteins were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Total protein was isolated from SW1116 cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） and differentially expressed proteins were identified by tandem mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF/TOF）. RESULTS： The isolated SW1116 cells presented as spheroid and suspension growths in SFM with a strong self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation and drug-resistance ability. The percentage of SP cells in SW1116 cells was 38.9%. The SW1116 cells co-expressed the CD133 and CD29 proteins. The telomerase activity in SW1116 cells was increased. The expressions of different stem cell relevant genes and proteins were detected. The proteomic analysis showed that the 26 protein spots were differently expressed in SW1116 cells and 10 protein spots were identified as ubiquitin fusion- degradation l-like protein, nuclear chloride channel protein, tubulin 13, Raichu404X, stratifin, F-actin cap- ping protein α-1 subunit, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta isoform 2, hypothetical protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and guanine nucleotide binding protein 13 polypeptide 2-like 1, respectively. CONCLUSION： SW1116 cells are biologically characterized by self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation, and the differently expressed proteins in SW1116 cells may be essential for isolating cancer stem cells.

A novel vWF A3-GPI modified EPCs to enhance its adhesion ability to collegen

Objective:To gain purified recombination protein rGPI-vWF A3 which can guide endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) gathering to the internal surface of the injured vessels theoretically and analyze its bioactivity in vitro. Methods: The plasmid vector of vWF A3 fusion protein which contained GPI structure was constructed and recombination protein rGPI-vWF A3 was expressed and its bioactivity was analyzed by ELISA and FCM. Results: Fusion protein vWF A3-GPI was expressed and purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and it could stably anchored on the surface of EPCs and showed its biological activities of collagen conjunction. Conclusion: These findings represent a novel strategy in EPC transplantation treatment for vessel injury.

Diversity, composition and host-species relationships of epiphytic orchids and ferns in two forests in Nepal

Epiphytic plant species are an important part of biological diversity. It is therefore essential to understand the distribution pattern and the factors influencing such patterns. The present study is aimed at observing the patterns of species richness, abundances and species composition of epiphytic orchids and ferns in two subtropical forests in Nepal. We also studied the relationship of host plants(Schima wallichii and Quercus lanata) and epiphyte species. Data were collected in Naudhara community forest(CF) and the national forest(NF) in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate tests. In total, we recorded 41 species of epiphytes(33 orchid and 8 fern species). Orchid species abundance is significantlyhigher in CF compared to NF. Orchid species richness and abundance increased with increasing southern aspect whereas it decreased with increasing canopy cover, and fern species richness increased with host bark roughness. Orchid abundance was positively correlated with increasing bark p H, stem size, tree age and tree height and negatively correlated with increasing steepness of the area. Likewise, fern abundances were high in places with high canopy cover, trees that were tall and big, but decreased with increasing altitude and southern aspect. The composition of the orchid and fern species was affected by altitude, aspect, canopy cover, DBH, number of forks and forest management types. We showed that the diversity of orchid and fern epiphytes is influenced by host characteristics as well as host types. The most important pre-requisite for a high epiphyte biodiversity is the presence of oldrespectively tall trees, independent of the recent protection status. This means:(i) for protection, e.g.in the frame of the national park declaration, such areas should be used which host such old tall trees;and(ii) also in managed forests and even in intensively used landscapes epiphytes can be protected by letting a certain number of trees be and by giving them space to grow old and tall.

PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM TWO CHINESE ANTHRACITES IN THE PRESENCE OF OXIDATIVE ADDITIVES

This paper broke with the conventional ways of oxidizing and catalyzing. It researched a new way to prepare activated carbon from anthracites which employed oxidative additives. It investigated the effects of the additive on adsorption and activation rate of the resultant activated carbon. The results showed that the new additives not only improved the adsorptivity but also increased the activation rate greatly, which is able to decrease the preparation cost.

Fabrication and adsorption property of novel adsorbent for potential application to wastewater with Fe(Ⅲ) ions

The spherical macroporous cellulose(SMC) was fabricated using medical absorbent cotton as raw material and nano CaCO3 as porogenic agents.And then,the phenylglycine was grafted onto the SMC to obtain the novel spherical macroporous cellulose derivative adsorbent(PSMC).FT-IR and scanning electron microscope(SEM) were employed to characterize the adsorbents and Fe3+ ions served as model solute to evaluate the adsorption property of the adsorbents.The experimental results show that the amount of porogenic agents and the value of pH have obvious influence on adsorption capacity of the adsorbents.The data of adsorption kinetic and isotherm display that the adsorbents possess excellent equilibrium adsorption capacity(348.94 mg/g) and have a bright prospect and considerable potential in the treatment of Fe3+ ions in wastewater.

Adsorption of Orange II Dye using Activated Carbon Produced from Iraqi Date-Palm Stones

A synthetic activated carbon was manufactured from date-palm stones using zinc chloride, cadmium chloride and sodium chloride at different temperatures and atmospheres. Specific surface area, RC and pH were measured and the activated carbon was used to absorb the orange II dye. Adsorption equilibrium was also studied, and it was found that the adsorption process on the synthetic activated carbon fit very well with the Langmuir isotherm model and less fit with Freundlich isotherm model. The specific surface area was highly affected by increasing temperature of combustion while the atmosphere of combustion had a little effects on surface area. The results showed that the atmosphere and temperature had no such effect on RC values. However, the RC of zinc chloride samples gave the highest values compared to that of cadmium chloride or sodium chlorides. The values of pH indicated an acid medium for cadmium chloride to alkali medium for sodium chloride, while the samples of zinc chloride showed a neutral medium.

Integrated Process for Production of Surfactin(III)Modeling of Adsorption Column

The study is focused on modeling of separation process and optimization.An adsorption separation process is simulated.The surfactin production process by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332 followed by surfactin adsorption in a fixed-bed column packed with commercial active carbon is studied in laboratory.The adsorption column achieves high surfactin recovery(94%)by up-flow methanol elution at 25°C.The adsorption column is simulated with a complex one-dimensional plug flow dispersion model coupled with nonlinear adsorption equilibrium,based on the assumption that the adsorption of surfactin is monomolecular layer and no micelle is formed.The molecular diffusion coefficient of surfactin in water solution with electric neutrality is estimated to be 0.428×10 -5 cm 2 ·s -1 by molecular dynamics simulation.The model developed can describe the complex interplay of adsorption kinetics,fluid dynamics,and mass-transfer phenomena based on the assumption of no radial temperature and concentration gradients,and is of adequate precision.The work involved in this paper is valuable for the optimization of the production process of surfactin.

The Study of Legal Property of Household Registration System in Our Country

From ＂the case that three girls have some fate but have different value＂ to ＂the case that Hai Cheng took a police substation to court with three times＂, currently the household registration system of our country not only plays the role of account registration and account management, but also undertakes the limitation of migration movement, and for the additional functions of the lowest life guarantee, social insurance, compulsory education, employment and other social security benefits, it also makes a difference between local registered permanent residence habitant and nonlocal registered permanent residence habitant. Just because of these additional functions, the household registration system has become complicated, which originally has clear nature. Therefore, only it is necessary to define the legal nature of our country＇s current household registration system, can executive power be supervised and the rights of citizens get relief.

Epitaxially grown monolayer VSe2： an air-stable magnetic two-dimensional material with low work function at edges

Recent experimental breakthroughs open up new opportunities for magnetism in few-atomic-layer twodimensional(2 D) materials, which makes fabrication of new magnetic 2 D materials a fascinating issue.Here, we report the growth of monolayer VSe_2 by molecular beam epitaxy(MBE) method. Electronic properties measurements by scanning tunneling spectroscopy(STS) method revealed that the asgrown monolayer VSe_2 has magnetic characteristic peaks in its electronic density of states and a lower work-function at its edges. Moreover, air exposure experiments show air-stability of the monolayer VSe_2. This high-quality monolayer VSe_2, a very air-inert 2 D material with magnetism and low edge work function, is promising for applications in developing next-generation low power-consumption, high efficiency spintronic devices and new electrocatalysts.