对话:唤醒和塑造品格

品格影响着快乐、自信和自尊。如果一个人不能尽早地唤醒和塑造个人品格,也难以有美好的未来。品格,是人的精神信念和道德价值在行为中的展现,教育的本质就是滋养孩子的精神,塑造孩子的品格。品格,在孩子幼小的时候表现为习惯,心智较成熟后表现为精神信念和内在准则,并具体地体现在行为中。＂不仅是在困难的情境中,在琐碎的日常生活中,品格是力量在支撑、约束和鼓舞着我们,有激情和节制地生活＂,使我们警醒和坚持。该吃什么、不该吃什么,早睡早起、遵守纪律、不闯红灯、不破坏环境等小事中都可以看到品格的影子。品格决定了人和人之间的不同。

Geophone-seabed coupling effect and its correction

By summing geophone and hydrophone data with opposite polarity responses to water layer reverberation,the ocean bottom cable dual-sensor acquisition technique can effectively eliminate reverberation,broaden the frequency bandwidth,and improve both the resolution and fidelity of the seismic data.It is thus widely used in industry.However,it is difficult to ensure good coupling of the geophones with the seabed because of the impact of ocean flow,seafloor topography,and field operations;therefore,geophone data are seriously affected by the transfer function of the geophone-seabed coupling system.As a result,geophone data frequently have low signal-to-noise ratios（S/N）,which causes large differences in amplitude,frequency,and phases between geophone and hydrophone data that severely affect dual-sensor summation.In contrast,the hydrophone detects changes in brine pressure and has no coupling issues with the seabed;thus,hydrophone data always have good S/N.First,in this paper,the mathematical expression of the transfer function between geophone and seabed is presented.Second,the transfer function of the geophone-seabed is estimated using hydrophone data as reference traces,and finally,the coupling correction based on the estimated transfer function is implemented.Using this processing,the amplitude and phase differences between geophone and hydrophone data are removed,and the S/N of the geophone data are improved.Synthetic and real data examples then show that our method is feasible and practical.

Potential mechanisms of pore-fluid movement from continental lithospheric mantle into upper continental crust

Through integrating the state of the art scientific knowledge in different research fields, some potential mechanisms of large-scale movements of underground pore-fluids such as H2O and CO2 in the continental lithosphere were presented and discussed. The results show that the generation and propagation of porosity waves are important mechanisms to transport mass and heat fluxes from the continental lithospheric mantle into the lower continental crust; the generation and propagation of porosity waves, pore-fluid flow focusing through lower and middle crustal faults, advection of pore-fluids through the lower and middle crust, and whole-crust convection in some particular cases are important mechanisms to transport mass and heat fluxes from the lower into the upper continental crust; heat and mass transport through convective pore-fluid flow is the most effective mechanism of ore body formation and mineralization in hydrothermal systems; due to heat and mass exchange at the interface between the earth surface, hydrosphere and atmosphere, it is very important to consider the hydro-geological effect of the deep earth pore-fluids such as H2O and CO2 on the global warming and climate change in future investigations.

Observed near-inertial waves in the wake of Typhoon Hagupit in the northern South China Sea

Energetic near-inertial internal waves （NlWs） were observed on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea in September 2008. Characteristics of the observed near-inertial waves were examined based on current data recorded by a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler. Results of a simple slab model indicated that the NIWs were generated by the surface winds of Typhoon Hagupit. Following Hagupit＇s passage, the wave field was dominated by baroclinic NIWs. The near-inertial currents were surface-intensified with a maximum of 0.52 m/s but still reached 0.1 m/s at the depth of 210 m. Moreover, the near-inertial currents were clockwise-polarized and slightly elliptical. A depth-leading phase of the near- inertial currents was evident, which indicated downward energy propagation. However, the rotary vertical wavenumber spectra suggested that upward energy propagation also existed, which was consistent previous theoretical study. The frequency of the NIWs, modified by the positive background vorticity, was 0.714 2 cycles per day, which was 0.02f0 higher than the local inertial frequency （f0）. The near-inertial kinetic energy evolved exponentially and had an e-folding timescale of about 3 days. The vertical phase and group velocity were estimated to be 10 and 2.1 m/h, respectively, corresponding to a vertical wavelength of 340 m. The NlWs were dominated by the second mode with a variance contribution of 〉50%, followed by the third mode, while the first mode was insignificant.

Relief Degree of Land Surface and Population Distribution of Mountainous Areas in China

Evaluation on the population pressure in the mountainous areas is a necessary condition for the protection and good governance. The evaluation depends on accurate population density assessment. Traditional methods used to calculate population density often adopt the administrative region as a scale for statistical analysis. These methods did not consider the effects of the relief degree of land surface(RDLS) on the population distribution. Therefore they cannot accurately reflect the degree of population aggregation, especially in mountainous areas. To explore this issue further, we took the mountainous areas of China as the research area. China has A total area of 666 km2 can be classified as mountainous area,accounting for 69.4% of the country's total landmass. The data used in this research included the digital elevation model(DEM) of China at a scale of 1:1,000,000, National population density raster data, the DEM and the national population density raster data. First, we determined the relief degree of land surface(RDLS). Next, we conducted a correlation analysis between the population distribution and the RDLS using the Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS). Based on the correlation analysis results and population distribution, this new method was used to revise the provincial population density of themountainous areas. The revised results were used to determine the population pressure of different mountainous areas. Overall, the following results were obtained:(1) The RDLS was low in most mountainous areas(with a value between 0 and 3.5) and exhibited a spatial pattern that followed the physiognomy of China;(2) The relationship between the RDLS and population density were logarithmic, with an R2 value up to 0.798(p<0.05), and the correlation decreased from east to west;(3) The difference between the revised population density(RPD) and the traditional population density(PD) was larger in the southeastern region of China than in the northwestern region;(4) In addition, compared with traditional results, the revised result indicated that the population pressure was larger. Based on these results, the following conclusions were made:(1) the revised method for estimating population density that incorporates the RDLS is reasonable and practical,(2) the potential population pressure in the southeastern mountainous areas is substantial,(3) the characteristics of the terrain in the high mountainous areas are important for the scattered distribution of the population, and(4) the population distribution of mountainous areas in China should be guided by local conditions, such as social, economic, and topographic conditions.

Nomenclature for lunar features at the Chang＇e-3 landing site

Nomenclatures for lunar features always accompany the progresses of human lunar exploration,which has an important dual meaning in culture and science. The naming of lunar features not only can commemorate the outstanding contributions of academics,masters in various fields, and popularize the traditional cultures of ethnic groups all over the world, but also have a critical function of providing accurate indicative information on features with special morphology, origin, nature and scientific value. However, nomenclature for features at the Chang'e-3 landing site, which has a more arbitrary form without many constrains posed by a uniformed system, is unlike the features for other morphological units.This paper originated from the actual needs for the description of scientific exploration activities, interpretation of scientific research and dissemination of scientific results. Some prominent morphological units with great scientific importance and identification purpose were chosen from the images taken by the terrain camera, panorama cameras and landing camera onboard the Chang'e lander and Yutu rover. A nomenclature system was established under the three enclosures, four quadrants and twenty-eight lunar lodges' system of the Chinese ancient sky division method. Finally, a standard feature names set waspublished after some necessary approval procedures by the International Astronomical Union.

Genetic Characteristics of 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from China's Mainland

A total of 100 H1N1 flu real-time-PCR positive throat swabs collected from fever patients in Zhejiang, Hubei and Guangdong between June and November 2009, were provided by local CDC laboratories. After MDCK cell culture, 57 Influenza A Pandemic （H1N1） viruses were isolated and submitted for whole genome sequencing. A total of 39 HA sequences, 52 NA sequences, 36 PB2 sequences, 31 PB1 sequences, 40 PA sequences, 48 NP sequences, 51 MP sequences and 36 NS sequences were obtained, including 20 whole genome sequences. Sequence comparison revealed they shared a high degree of homology （96%-99%） with known epidemic strains （A/Califomia/04/2009（H1N1）. Phylogenetic analysis showed that although the sequences were highly conserved, they clustered into a small number of groups with only a few distinct strains. Site analysis revealed three substitutions at loop 220 （221-228） of the HA receptor binding site in the 39 HA sequences： A/Hubei/86/2009 PKVRDQEG→PKVRDQEA, A/Zhejiang/08/2009 PKVRDQEG→PKVRDQER, A/Hubei/75/2009 PKVRDQEG→PKVRDQGG, the A/Hubei/75/2009 was isolated from an acute case, while the other two were from patients with mild symptoms. Other key sites such as 119, 274, 292 and 294 amino acids of NA protein,627 of PB2 protein were conserved. Meanwhile, all the M2 protein sequences possessed the Ser32Asn mutation, suggesting that these viruses were resistant to adamantanes. Comparison of these sequences with other H1N1 viruses collected from the NCBI database provides insight into H1N1 transmission and circulation patterns.

The Nature, Philosophy, and Sustaining Factors of the Theology of Wealth in Africa： Theological Reflections

This paper is a theological reflection on the theology of wealth in Africa--its nature, philosophy, and sustaining factors. Through the methodology of theological reflections, the paper finds out that the theology of wealth, though difficult to describe, is sustained on the African continent by economic hardship, the influence of some preachers of the theology of wealth, and the availability of improved facilities for disseminating the content of the theology of wealth. It also finds out that the entire philosophy of the theology of wealth is biblically, theologically, and ethically deficient. Biblically, it adapts parts of scripture to suit its teachings. Theologically, it puts forth viewpoints that are foreign to theological thought. Ethically, it is a means of exploiting congregants. The paper concludes with a recommendation that the content and nature of the theology of wealth must be highlighted and thoroughly explained to both clergy and membership of different denominations so that all will be safeguarded against the impact of this false gospel on their lives.

＂They Are Married to kunqu＂ ——Cultural Studies Inspired by a Chinese Traditional Theatre

In recent decades, a new type of cultural upsurge surrounding kunqu1 has arisen in Chinese language sphere, though respectively due to different reasons in China's Mainland, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other Chinese diaspora. Against the global trend of culture heritage nationalization context, via the new media platform, the performative staging of individual emotions and reverie in the market society2, the longings to redeem various alienation in a vertical modernity3, as well as the yearnings for emotional balance in a burgeoning feministic modernity, all integrate with each other and together generate a restless transforming memory for kunqu. Just like a misty veil, this complex, contentious, contradictory and long-lasting collective memory-making process blurs kunqu＇s appearance, expands its layers, and ultimately generates a cultural myth. With detailed case studies this paper aims to reflect upon the deep reasons for the kunqu myth and to probe the transformative powers of a performative space in enabling remembrance and/or forgetting.

The Development of Hip-Hop Dance Culture in China

Hip-hop dance originated in the Black neighborhood of New York popular global youth cultures in an unprecedented fashion. As in the 1970s and developed as one of the most a global youth culture, it was introduced to China's Mainland 30 years ago, underwent a series of rises and falls, and gradually transformed into a local scene under the influence of neighboring countries and regions. As hip-hop dance localizes in China, it has incorporated local ingredients such as Chinese traditional culture. Meanwhile, its function such as bodybuilding is also strengthened but the features such as competitiveness are weakened. The localization of hip-hop dance in China's Mainland reflects the globalization of the youth culture, which is featured by local hybridity, multicultural interactions, and conflicting interdependence with public media and commerce. This trend endows the global youth culture with a richer and more complex style and also shows that youth play an active part in generating the new forms and new styles of youth culture.

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乡村“乌兰牧骑”

在巍峨的羽山脚下,秀丽的乌龙河畔,活跃着一支民兵业余文艺演出队。他们在农闲时节,身背二胡、锣鼓等乐器,骑着自行车走村串巷,以农民喜闻乐见的文艺形式,传播社会主义精神文明,宣传党的路线、方针、政策。她就是被人们誉为乡村“乌兰牧骑”

SPECIAL ISSUE： SOCIAL CHANGE AND CHINESE WOMEN A Semiotic Analysis of Female Images in Chinese Women＇s Magazines

This study conducts a semiotic analysis of five stories about contemporary Chinese women presented in four women＇s magazines, namely Women of China, Family, Girlfriend and Trends Cosmopolitan, and identifies three images of women： iron girl, understanding wife and stylish woman. A closer examination of these three images will reveal that they actually contain prejudicial social myths of women held by traditional patriarchal society and that they play an important role in encouraging women to practice the consumerist ideology constructed by the patriarchal system.

Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over the Asian monsoon region as revealed by TRMM satellite data

Climatological characteristics of diurnal variations in summer precipitation over the Asian monsoon region are comprehensively investigated based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) satellite data during 1998-2008.The topographic influence on the diurnal variations and phase propagations of maximum precipitation are identified according to spatiotemporal distributions of the amplitude and peak time of the diurnal precipitation.The amplitude and phase of diurnal precipitation show a distinct geographical pattern.Significant diurnal variations occur over most of continental and coastal areas including the Maritime Continent,with the relative amplitude exceeding 40%,indicating that the precipitation peak is 1.4 times the 24-h mean.Over the landside coasts such as southeastern China and Indochina Peninsula,the relative amplitude is even greater than 100%.Although the diurnal variations of summer precipitation over the continental areas are characterized by an afternoon peak(1500-1800 Local Solar Time(LST)),over the central Indochina Peninsula and central and southern Indian Peninsula the diurnal phase is delayed to after 2100 LST,suggesting the diurnal behaviors over these areas different from the general continental areas.The weak diurnal variations with relative amplitudes less than 40% exist mainly over oceanic areas in the western Pacific and most of Indian Ocean,with the rainfall peak mainly occurring from midnight to early morning(0000-0600 LST),indicating a typical oceanic regime characterized by an early morning peak.However,apparent exceptions occur over the South China Sea(SCS),Bay of Bengal(BOB),and eastern Arabian Sea,with the rainfall peak occurring in daytime(0900-1500 LST).Prominent meridional propagations of the diurnal phase exist in South Asia and East Asia.Along the eastern Indian Peninsula,there is not only the southward phase propagation with the peak occurring around 25°N but also the northward phase propagation with the peak beginning with the southernmost continent,and both reach the central Indian continent to finish.Along the same longitudes where southern China and Kalimantan are located,the diurnal phase of the former propagates from the oceanic area(northern SCS) toward the inland continent,while the phase of the latter propagates from the land area toward the outside sea,showing a landward or seaward coastal diurnal regime.A distinct zonal propagation of the diurnal phase is observed over the BOB oceanic area.The maximum precipitation zone originates from the land-sea boundary of the eastern coast of the Indian peninsula at around 0300 LST,and then propagates eastward with increasing time to reach the eastern coast of the BOB on 1800 LST,finally migrates into the Indochina continent on about 2100 LST.

No evidence of contagious yawning in the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria

Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it is the result of non-conscious mimicry emerging through close links between perception and action or that it is the result of empathy, involving the ability to engage in mental state attribution. This set of experiments sought to distinguish between these hypotheses by examining contagious yawning in a species that is unlikely to show nonconscious mimicry and empathy but does respond to social stimuli： the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria. A demonstrator tortoise was conditioned to yawn when presented with a red square-shaped stimulus. Observer tortoises were exposed to three conditions： observation of conditioned yawn, non demonstration control, and stimulus only control. We measured the number of yawns for each observer animal in each condition. There was no difference between conditions. Experiment 2 therefore increased the number of conditioned yawns presented. Again, there was no significant difference between conditions. It seemed plausible that the tortoises did not view the conditioned yawn as a real yawn and therefore a final experiment was run using video recorded stimuli. The observer tortoises were presented with three conditions： real yawn, conditioned yawns and empty background. Again there was no significant difference between conditions. We therefore conclude that the red-footed tortoise does not yawn in response to observing a conspecific yawn. This suggests that contagious yawning is not the result of a fixed action pattern but may involve more complex social processes [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 477-484, 2011].

A comparison of atmospheric CO_2 concentration GOSAT-based observations and model simulations

Satellite observations of atmospheric CO2 are able to truly capture the variation of global and regional CO2 concentration.The model simulations based on atmospheric transport models can also assess variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a continuous space and time,which is one of approaches for qualitatively and quantitatively studying the atmospheric transport mechanism and spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric CO2 in a global scale.Satellite observations and model simulations of CO2 offer us two different approaches to understand the atmospheric CO2.However,the difference between them has not been comprehensively compared and assessed for revealing the global and regional features of atmospheric CO2.In this study,we compared and assessed the spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric CO2 using two datasets of the column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric CO2(XCO2)in a year from June 2009 to May 2010,respectively from GOSAT retrievals(V02.xx)and from Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry(GEOS-Chem),which is a global 3-D chemistry transport model.In addition to the global comparison,we further compared and analyzed the difference of CO2 between the China land region and the United States(US)land region from two datasets,and demonstrated the reasonability and uncertainty of satellite observations and model simulations.The results show that the XCO2 retrieved from GOSAT is globally lower than GEOS-Chem model simulation by 2 ppm on average,which is close to the validation conclusion for GOSAT by ground measures.This difference of XCO2 between the two datasets,however,changes with the different regions.In China land region,the difference is large,from 0.6 to 5.6 ppm,whereas it is 1.6 to 3.7 ppm in the global land region and 1.4 to 2.7 ppm in the US land region.The goodness of fit test between the two datasets is 0.81 in the US land region,which is higher than that in the global land region(0.67)and China land region(0.68).The analysis results further indicate that the inconsistency of CO2concentration between satellite observations and model simulations in China is larger than that in the US and the globe.This inconsistency is related to the GOSAT retrieval error of CO2 caused by the interference among input parameters of satellite retrieval algorithm,and the uncertainty of driving parameters in GEOS-Chem model.