洛阳出土盛唐文士陆据墓志考释

陆据,盛唐著名文士,《旧唐书·文苑传》、《新唐书·文艺传》有载,然各本传仅寥寥不足70字。洛阳出土陆据墓志有820余字,对其家世、籍贯、科第等均有明确记载,尤其是历官记载更为详尽,可极大补充《唐书》本传之失载、补正《登科记》、纠正《元和姓纂》之误,具有重要文史价值。

Geophone-seabed coupling effect and its correction

By summing geophone and hydrophone data with opposite polarity responses to water layer reverberation,the ocean bottom cable dual-sensor acquisition technique can effectively eliminate reverberation,broaden the frequency bandwidth,and improve both the resolution and fidelity of the seismic data.It is thus widely used in industry.However,it is difficult to ensure good coupling of the geophones with the seabed because of the impact of ocean flow,seafloor topography,and field operations;therefore,geophone data are seriously affected by the transfer function of the geophone-seabed coupling system.As a result,geophone data frequently have low signal-to-noise ratios（S/N）,which causes large differences in amplitude,frequency,and phases between geophone and hydrophone data that severely affect dual-sensor summation.In contrast,the hydrophone detects changes in brine pressure and has no coupling issues with the seabed;thus,hydrophone data always have good S/N.First,in this paper,the mathematical expression of the transfer function between geophone and seabed is presented.Second,the transfer function of the geophone-seabed is estimated using hydrophone data as reference traces,and finally,the coupling correction based on the estimated transfer function is implemented.Using this processing,the amplitude and phase differences between geophone and hydrophone data are removed,and the S/N of the geophone data are improved.Synthetic and real data examples then show that our method is feasible and practical.

Using 4C OBS to reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates at the northern continental slope of South China Sea

To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component （4C） ocean-bottom seismometer （OBS） surveys. A case study is presented to show the results of acquiring and processing OBS data for detecting gas hydrates. Key processing steps such as repositioning, reorientation, PZ summation, and mirror imaging are discussed. Repositioning and reorientation find the correct location and direction of nodes. PZ summation matches P- and Z-components and sums them to separate upgoing and downgoing waves. Upgoing waves are used in conventional imaging, whereas downgoing waves are used in mirror imaging. Mirror imaging uses the energy of the receiver ghost reflection to improve the illumination of shallow structures, where gas hydrates and the associated bottom-simulating reflections （BSRs） are located. We developed a new method of velocity analysis using mirror imaging. The proposed method is based on velocity scanning and iterative prestack time migration. The final imaging results are promising. When combined with the derived velocity field, we can characterize the BSR and shallow structures; hence, we conclude that using 4C OBS can reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates.

广东惠东火灾致17人死亡

2月5日,广东惠东县义乌商品城四楼仓库发生火灾,致17人死亡。现场消防官兵8次强攻,救出5人,4名消防官兵受伤,其中1人重伤。6日下午,当地向外界通报,惠东商场大火原因是一位9岁小孩玩火引起。目前,该商品城9名相关责任人已被控制。17条鲜活的生命,在这一场大火中化作青烟,令人扼腕。人死不能复生,可留给他们父母、亲人的,将是永生都无法抚平的伤痛。灾难＂不解风情＂,

Assimilation of High Frequency Radar Data into a Shelf Sea Circulation Model

High Frequency(HF) radar current data is assimilated into a shelf sea circulation model based on optimal interpolation(OI) method. The purpose of this work is to develop a real-time computationally highly efficient assimilation method to improve the forecast of shelf current. Since the true state of the ocean is not known, the specification of background error covariance is arduous. Usually, it is assumed or calculated from an ensemble of model states and is kept in constant. In our method, the spatial covariances of model forecast errors are derived from differences between the adjacent model forecast fields, which serve as the forecast tendencies. The assumption behind this is that forecast errors can resemble forecast tendencies, since variances are large when fields change quickly and small when fields change slowly. The implementation of HF radar data assimilation is found to yield good information for analyses. After assimilation, the root-mean-square error of model decreases significantly. Besides, three assimilation runs with variational observation density are implemented. The comparison of them indicates that the pattern described by observations is much more important than the amount of observations. It is more useful to expand the scope of observations than to increase the spatial interval. From our tests, the spatial interval of observation can be 5 times bigger than that of model grid.

Data Transformation for Super-totalstation Positioning System Integrated by GPS and Totalstation

This paper focuses on the integration and data transformation between GPS and totalstation.It emphasizes on the way to transfer the WGS84 Cartesian coordinates to the local two_dimensional plane coordinates and the orthometric height GPS receiver,totalstation,radio,notebook computer and the corresponding software work together to form a new surveying system,the super_totalstation positioning system(SPS) and a new surveying model for terrestrial surveying.With the help of this system,the positions of detail points can be measured.

A study on the temporal and spatial characteristics of droughts following earthquakes

According to the ＂jacking-up＂ theory, which relates the cause of earthquakes to outer core convection ascension bodies, the crust will gradually recover after an earthquake. In such cases, the crust is stretched, the underground temperature is reduced, precipitation decreases, and drought occurs. In this paper, precipitation is compared with ground temperature and seismic data to determine the spatial and temporal relationship between earthquakes and subsequent droughts. Our objective is to develop a new method of drought prediction. With a few exceptions in location, the analysis of the first drought to occur after the Ms 〉 7 earthquakes in China's Mainland and the adjacent areas since 1950 shows that droughts tended to occur in regions near earthquake epicenters and in the eastern regions of the epicenters at the same latitude within six months after the earthquakes. In addition, and the differences between the starting time of the earthquakes and the droughts nearly share the same probability of 0 to 6 months. After careful analysis of 34 Ms 〉 6.5 earthquakes occurring in western China from 1980 to 2011, we determined that a second drought tends to occur approximately six months following the first drought, indicating a quasi-half-year period. Moreover, the duration of the quasi-half-year fluctuation increases with the magnitude of earthquake, at approximately 2.5 years for Ms 6.5 earthquake and approximately 5 years for Ms 8 earthquake.

Land Degradation Due to Salinization in Arid and Semi-arid Regions with the Aid of Geo-information Techniques

This study applied a computerized parametric methodology to monitor, map, and quantify land degradation by salinization risk detection techniques at a 1：250 000 mapping scale using geo-information technology. The northern part of the Shaanxi province in China was taken as a case. Multi-temporal remotely sensed materials of both Landsat TM and thematic maps （ETM＋） were used as the bases to provide comprehensive views of surface conditions such as vegetation cover and salinization detection. With ERDAS ver. 9.1 software, the Normalized Differential Salinity Index （NDSl） and Salinity Index （S.I.） were computed and then evaluated for land degradation by salinization. Arc/Info ver. 9.2 software was used along with field observation data （GPS） for analysis. Using spatial analysis methods, results showed that 19 973.1 km^2 （72%） of land had no risk of land degradation by salinization, 3 684.7 km^2 （13%） had slight land degradation by salinization risk, 2 797.9 km^2 （10%） had moderate land degradation by salinization risk, and 1 218.9 km^2 （4%） of the total land area was at a high risk of land degradation by salinization. The study area, in general, is exposed to a high risk of soil salinization.

Monitoring Spatio-temporal Variance of an Extreme Heat Event Using Multiple-source Remote Sensing Data

Extreme heat events have serious effects on human daily life. Accurately capturing the dynamic variance of extreme high-temperature distributions in a timely manner is the basis for analyzing the potential impacts of extreme heat, thereby informing risk prevention strategies. This paper demonstrates the potential application of multiple source remote sensing data in mapping and monitoring the extreme heat events that occurred on Aug. 8, 2013 in Jiangsu Province, China. In combination with MODIS products, the thermal sharpening(Ts HARP) method and a binary linear model are compared to downscale the original daytime FengY un 2 F(FY-2 F) land surface temperature(LST) imagery, with a temporal resolution of 60 min, from 5 km to 1 km. Using the meteorological measurement data from Nanjing station as the reference, the research then estimates the instantaneous air temperature by using an iterative computation based on the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land(SEBAL), which is used to analyze the spatio-temporal air temperature variance. The results show that the root mean square error(RMSE) of the LST downscaled from the binary linear model is 1.30℃ compared to the synchronous MODIS LST, and on this basis the estimated air temperature has the RMSE of 1.78℃. The spatial and temporal distribution of air temperature variance at each geographical location from 06:30 to 18:30 can be accurately determined, and indicates that the high temperature gradually increases and expands from the city center. For the spatial distribution, the air temperature and the defined scorching temperature proportion index increase from northern to middle, to southern part of Jiangsu, and are slightly lower in the eastern area near the Yellow Sea. In terms of temporal characteristics, the percentage of area with air temperature above 37℃ in each city increase with time after 10:30 and reach the peak value at 14:30 or 15:30. Then, they decrease gradually, and the rising and falling trends become smaller from the southern cities to the northern regions. Moreover, there is a distinct positive relationship between the percentage of area above 37℃ and the population density. The above results show that the spatio-temporal distributions of heat waves and their influencing factors can be determined by combining multiple sources of remotely sensed image data.

Sensible Heating over the Tibetan Plateau Linked to the Onset of Asian Monsoon

Land surface heating of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in the Asian Monsoon system. In this study, the interannual variability of the sensible heat flux over the TP and its connection with the summer monsoon intensity and onset date was examined based on the newly released land "reanalysis" data, produced by NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System. Although correlation analyses don't show a significant relevance to the summer monsoon intensity, the interannual anomalies in sensible heating near the south flank of the TP indicate a weak reversal in the relationship with the onset date of the West Pacific East Asian monsoon. A diagnostic study shows that above (below) normal sensible heating over the south flake of the TP will lead to rapid (slow) warming of the upper air column over the TP and early (later) reversal of (overturn) the meridional temperature gradient and the vertical wind shear. This will further lead to an earlier (later) onset of the Asian Monsoon.

Retrieval of Land-surface Temperature from AMSR2 Data Using a Deep Dynamic Learning Neural Network

It is more difficult to retrieve land surface temperature(LST) from passive microwave remote sensing data than from thermal remote sensing data, because the emissivities in the passive microwave band can change more easily than those in the thermal infrared band. Thus, it is very difficult to build a stable relationship. Passive microwave band emissivities are greatly influenced by the soil moisture, which varies with time. This makes it difficult to develop a general physical algorithm. This paper proposes a method to utilize multiple-satellite, sensors and resolution coupled with a deep dynamic learning neural network to retrieve the land surface temperature from images acquired by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2(AMSR2), a sensor that is similar to the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Earth Observing System(AMSR-E). The AMSR-E and MODIS sensors are located aboard the Aqua satellite. The MODIS LST product is used as the ground truth data to overcome the difficulties in obtaining large scale land surface temperature data. The mean and standard deviation of the retrieval error are approximately 1.4° and 1.9° when five frequencies(ten channels, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89 V/H GHz) are used. This method can effectively eliminate the influences of the soil moisture, roughness, atmosphere and various other factors. An analysis of the application of this method to the retrieval of land surface temperature from AMSR2 data indicates that the method is feasible. The accuracy is approximately 1.8° through a comparison between the retrieval results with ground measurement data from meteorological stations.

Numerical Simulation of a Landfall Typhoon Using a Bogus Data Assimilation Scheme

A typhoon bogus data assimilation scheme (BDA) using dimension-reduced projection four-dimen-sional variational data assimilation (DRP-4-DVar),called DRP-BDA for short,is built in the Advanced Regional Eta Model (AREM).As an adjoint-free approach,DRP-BDA saves time,and only several minutes are taken for the full BDA process.To evaluate its performance,the DRP-BDA is applied to a case study on a landfall ty-phoon,Fengshen (2008),from the Northwestern Pacific Ocean to Guangdong province,in which the bogus sea level pressure (SLP) is assimilated as a kind of observa-tion.The results show that a more realistic typhoon with correct center position,stronger warm core vortex,and more reasonable wind fields is reproduced in the analyzed initial condition through the new approach.Compared with the control run (CTRL) initialized with NCEP Final (FNL) Global Tropospheric Analyses,the DRP-BDA leads to an evidently positive impact on typhoon track forecasting and a small positive impact on typhoon inten-sity forecasting.Furthermore,the forecast landfall time conforms to the observed landfall time,and the forecast track error at the 36th hour is 32 km,which is much less than that of the CTRL (450 km).

Quantitative Assessment of Remotely Sensed Global Surface Models Using Various Land Classes Produced from Landsat Data in Istanbul

Digital elevation model （DEM） is the most popular product for three-dimensional （3D） digital representation of bare Earth surface and can be produced by many techniques with different characteristics and ground sampling distances （GSD）. Space-borne opti- cal and synthetic aperture radar （SAR） imaging are two of the most preferred and modern techniques for DEM generation. Using them, global DEMs that cover almost entire Earth are produced with low cost and time saving processing. In this study, we aimed to assess the Satellite pour robservation de la Terre-5 （SPOT-5）, High Resolution Stereoscopic （HRS）, the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER）, and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission （SRTM） C-band global DEMs, produced with space-borne optical and SAR imaging. For the assessment, a reference DEM derived from 1 ： 1000 scaled digital photogrammetric maps was used. The study is performed in 100 km2 study area in Istanbul including various land classes such as open land, forest, built-up land, scrub and rough terrain obtained from Landsat data. The analyses were realized considering three vertical accuracy types as fundamental, supplemental, and consolidated, defined by national digital elevation program （NDEP） of USA. The results showed that, vertical accuracy of SRTM C-band DEM is better than optical models in all three accuracy types despite having the largest grid spacing. The result of SPOT-5 HRS DEM is very close by SRTM and superior in comparison with ASTER models.

Crustal Deformation Derived from GPS in the Chinese Mainland from 1991-2004

Based on GPS data from 1991- 2004 and the least-squares collocation method,we analyze the crustal deformation in the Chinese mainland. The results show that the first-order crustal deformation is unchanged in different periods in the Chinese mainland,which reflects the background of regional tectonic activity. The strain rate is much higher in Western China,especially in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan-Yunnan area. The variations in different periods are related with seismicity of strong earthquakes during the same time. The GPS data after 2004 shows the post-seismic deformation of the 2001 Kunlun Mountains M S8. 1 earthquake.

Discussion on the Abnormally Low Active Fault Slip Rate of the M_S 8. 0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Based on the collection of active fault slip rate data of large intra-continental shallow thrust earthquakes occurring in the triangular seismic region of the East Asia continent,a preliminary analysis has been performed with results showing that the Wenchuan,Sichuan, China earthquake ( MS = 8.0) of May 12,2008 occurred on the Longmenshan Mountain active fault with an abnormally low slip rate.

Robust Classification of Remote Sensing Data for Green Space Analysis

All of the Landsat 7 data collected after 2003 contains missing pixels in the form of unsightly stripes across the images. To recover missing data of a Landsat image, different methods may be used. However, the gap filling process creates inconsistencies on pixel intensity values. The incongruous pixel numbers are anomolous observations and their classification in the reference specter is challenging. In an effort to contribute to this need, we propose a reliable robust approach to classify inconsistent pixels after the gap filling process. To estimate multivariate location-scale parameters a new robust DMVV （depth minimum vector variance estimator） is presented. The DMVV algorithm does not require any matrix inversion for its calculation, consequently its computational time is highly reduced. The results show that it has a high breakdown point and is very efficient for large data set. Landsat remote sensing data of Jakarta Province across years 2002 and 2010 are used as case study.

Conclusions on the Implementation of Regulation of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions from 1996 to 2012 in the Chinese Mainland

The regulation of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions(NSSMPR for short) is defined by the Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters.The first stage of implementation of the regulation of NSSMPR in the Chinese mainland was finished from 1996 to 2005.The second stage is being carried on from 2006 to 2020.With the support of the National Social Science Foundation,this paper follows up and evaluates the implementation of the regulation of NSSMPR from 1996 to 2012 in the Chinese mainland.Based on analysis of earthquake examples and investigation data,we find that the effect of disaster mitigation is good,and on this basis,some suggestions are proposed to improve the regulation of NSSMPR.

春季气温回升渐入病虫高发期 农业部部署小麦病虫防控保夏粮丰收

当前,主产区小麦陆续进入返青、拔节阶段,正值春季重大病虫发生和防控的关键时期。3月1日,农业部在湖北襄阳召开春季农作物病虫害防治现场会,重点部署小麦病虫防控工作。据监测分析,今年小麦病虫害总体偏重发生,赤霉病在长江中下游和黄淮南部麦区偏重流行风险高，穗期蚜虫在华北和黄淮北部麦区可达大发生程度，白粉病和纹枯病在高产麦区偏重发生。

简讯速递

据《简氏防务周刊》2015年2月26日报道,挪威皇家陆军从BAE系统公司接收了第一辆批量生产的改进型CV9030步兵战车。根据签署的合同,BAE系统公司为挪威改进升级103辆现役的CV90战车,并再生产41辆新车,该计划的费用据信为5亿美元。为挪威改进的CV9030步兵战车对装甲防护进行了升级,采用了数字车辆电子体系构造。

An assessment of summer sensible heat flux on the Tibetan Plateau from eight data sets

The eight datasets of the summer (June-August) surface sensible heat (SH) flux over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are compared on the time scales of the climatology,interannual variability and linear trend during 1980-2006.These data sets include five reanalyses (National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis,NCEPR1 and NCEPR2,NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis,CFSR,Japanese 25-year reanalysis,JRA,and European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis,ERA40),two land surface model outputs (Noah model data of Global Land Data Assimilation System version 2,G2_Noah,and Simple Biosphere version 2 output by Yang et al.,YSiB2),and estimated SH based on China Meteorological Administration (CMA) station observations,ObCh.The results suggest that the summer SH on the TP differs from one dataset to another due to different inputs and calculations.Climatologically,the ERA40 and JRA distribute rather uniformly while the other six products show similar regional disparities,that is,larger in the west than in the east and stronger in the north and the south than in the middle of the plateau.The mean magnitude of the SH averaged over the 76 stations above the TP varies considerably among each dataset with the difference of more than 20 W m?2 between the maximum (G2_Noah) and minimum (ObCh).Nevertheless,they are consistent in the interannual variability and mostly show a significant decreasing trend corresponding to the weakening surface wind speed,in spite of the distinct trend for the ground-air temperature difference among the different data sets.These two consistencies indicate the particular availability of the SH products,which is helpful to the relevant climate dynamics research.