Energetic near-inertial internal waves (NlWs) were observed on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea in September 2008. Characteristics of the observed near-inertial waves were examined based on curr...Energetic near-inertial internal waves (NlWs) were observed on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea in September 2008. Characteristics of the observed near-inertial waves were examined based on current data recorded by a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler. Results of a simple slab model indicated that the NIWs were generated by the surface winds of Typhoon Hagupit. Following Hagupit's passage, the wave field was dominated by baroclinic NIWs. The near-inertial currents were surface-intensified with a maximum of 0.52 m/s but still reached 0.1 m/s at the depth of 210 m. Moreover, the near-inertial currents were clockwise-polarized and slightly elliptical. A depth-leading phase of the near- inertial currents was evident, which indicated downward energy propagation. However, the rotary vertical wavenumber spectra suggested that upward energy propagation also existed, which was consistent previous theoretical study. The frequency of the NIWs, modified by the positive background vorticity, was 0.714 2 cycles per day, which was 0.02f0 higher than the local inertial frequency (f0). The near-inertial kinetic energy evolved exponentially and had an e-folding timescale of about 3 days. The vertical phase and group velocity were estimated to be 10 and 2.1 m/h, respectively, corresponding to a vertical wavelength of 340 m. The NlWs were dominated by the second mode with a variance contribution of 〉50%, followed by the third mode, while the first mode was insignificant.展开更多
This research compares a sample of the mainland Chinese university students (N = 325) and a sample of the British university students (N = 51) from a cross-cultural perspective by examining the relationships betwe...This research compares a sample of the mainland Chinese university students (N = 325) and a sample of the British university students (N = 51) from a cross-cultural perspective by examining the relationships between individual values and communicative competence. Specifically, it aims to gain an insight into cultural impact both on the Chinese university students' self-perceptions of communication competence in the Chinese cultural context and on the British university students' self-perceptions of communication competence in a Western cultural context. The findings suggest that the mainland Chinese university students' interdependent/independent self-construals best predict their self-perceptions of communication competence. Results indicate that both Western and Chinese social values influence the two samples' interdependent and independent self-construals, and the two samples' self-perceptions of communication competence and interdependent self-construals differ significantly展开更多
This paper presents results concerning energy efficiency of wheat production considered in the context of specific energy input variation in different climatic conditions of Europe as well as case studies on implement...This paper presents results concerning energy efficiency of wheat production considered in the context of specific energy input variation in different climatic conditions of Europe as well as case studies on implementation of selected energy saving measures in practice. The source data collected from the six european union (EU) countries represent five agricultural regions of continental Europe and three climates: continental, temperate and Mediterranean. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to analyze the data excluding of pre-farm gate activities. The total primary energy consumption was decomposed into main energy input streams and it was regressed to yield. In order to compare energy efficiency of wheat production across the geographical areas, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied. It was shown that the highest wheat yield (6.7 t/ha to 8.7 t/ha) at the lowest specific energy input (2.08 GJ/t to 2.56 G J/t) is unique for temperate climate conditions. The yield in continental and Mediterranean climatic conditions is on average lower by 1.3 t/ha and 2.7 t/ha and energy efficiency lower by 14% and 38%, respectively. The case studies have shown that the energy saving activities in wheat production may be universal for the climatic zones or specific for a given geographical location. It was stated that trade-offs between energy, economic, and environmental effects, which are associated with implementation of a given energy saving measure or a set of measures to a great extent depend on the current energy efficiency status of the farm and opportunity for investment, which varies substantially across Europe.展开更多
The distributions of microbial tetraether lipids i.e. glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were investigated in a variety of Chinese soils featured by a wide range of pH values in different climate zones. The...The distributions of microbial tetraether lipids i.e. glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were investigated in a variety of Chinese soils featured by a wide range of pH values in different climate zones. The bacterial branched GDGTs and archaeal isoprenoid GDGTs were found to be widely distributed in Chinese soils and their relative abundance was controlled primarily by soil pH. The bacterial bGDGTs usually dominate over archaeal iGDGTs in abundance when the soil pH is below 8.0. However archaeal iGDGTs become dominant and the abundance of halophilic archaea characterized by GDGT V without cyclopentyl ring increases dramatically in the alkaline soil with pH greater than 8.0. The relative abundance of archaeal iGDGTs to bacterial bGDGTs was defined here as RAI index. The RAI index decreases with elevated soil pH and a linear correlation is found between them indicating that the relative abundance of archaeal iGDGTs to bacterial bGDGTs increases with increased pH. The RAI index thus could be a novel proxy of the pH values of paleosol. The terrestrial input index BIT (Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraethers Index) decreases with increased soil pH suggesting that soil pH should be taken into consideration when the terrestrial contribution to marine sediments is estimated by BIT index. Moreover the TEX86 index cannot be used to reconstruct sea surface temperature in the sediments featured by a large terrestrial input.展开更多
Owing to the fast economic growing and the concern over greenhouse gases and air pollution, the development of nuclear energy is one important option to meet the expanded energy consumption in our future. To achieve t...Owing to the fast economic growing and the concern over greenhouse gases and air pollution, the development of nuclear energy is one important option to meet the expanded energy consumption in our future. To achieve that goal, continuing and reliable supplies of uranium are critical to future nuclear power projects. As is well known, global terrestrial reserves of uranium are limited and the deposits in China are relatively small.展开更多
In the article, the development of medical treatment for eye injuries in the mainland of China was reviewed. According to the data provided in Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study (EIVS), 27% of 72 eyes with no light percept...In the article, the development of medical treatment for eye injuries in the mainland of China was reviewed. According to the data provided in Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study (EIVS), 27% of 72 eyes with no light perception (NLP) gained recovery in term of antomy and visual function. Vitrectomy initiated at more than 4 weeks after open eye injury is an independent risk factor for developing PVR. Prognosis of anatomy and visual function of the injured eye with PVR is markedly worse than that without PVR. Serious injuries of ciliary body, choroid and retina are three key parts of the eye with NLP. The concept that the treatment of the eye injury gradually focus on the whole globe is embodied. The data from 13575 in patients with traumatic eyes in 14 hospitals revealed that the rate of immediate enucleation was remarkable reduced with comparison of 20 years ago.展开更多
Forests play an important role in acting as a carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystem.Although global forests have huge carbon carrying capacity(CCC)and carbon sequestration potential(CSP),there were few quantification r...Forests play an important role in acting as a carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystem.Although global forests have huge carbon carrying capacity(CCC)and carbon sequestration potential(CSP),there were few quantification reports on Chinese forests.We collected and compiled a forest biomass dataset of China,a total of 5841 sites,based on forest inventory and literature search results.From the dataset we extracted 338 sites with forests aged over 80 years,a threshold for defining mature forest,to establish the mature forest biomass dataset.After analyzing the spatial pattern of the carbon density of Chinese mature forests and its controlling factors,we used carbon density of mature forests as the reference level,and conservatively estimated the CCC of the forests in China by interpolation methods of Regression Kriging,Inverse Distance Weighted and Partial Thin Plate Smoothing Spline.Combining with the sixth National Forest Resources Inventory,we also estimated the forest CSP.The results revealed positive relationships between carbon density of mature forests and temperature,precipitation and stand age,and the horizontal and elevational patterns of carbon density of mature forests can be well predicted by temperature and precipitation.The total CCC and CSP of the existing forests are 19.87 and 13.86 Pg C,respectively.Subtropical forests would have more CCC and CSP than other biomes.Consequently,relying on forests to uptake carbon by decreasing disturbance on forests would be an alternative approach for mitigating greenhouse gas concentration effects besides afforestation and reforestation.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1133001,41030855,and 41376027)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2013AA09A502)the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406401)
文摘Energetic near-inertial internal waves (NlWs) were observed on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea in September 2008. Characteristics of the observed near-inertial waves were examined based on current data recorded by a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler. Results of a simple slab model indicated that the NIWs were generated by the surface winds of Typhoon Hagupit. Following Hagupit's passage, the wave field was dominated by baroclinic NIWs. The near-inertial currents were surface-intensified with a maximum of 0.52 m/s but still reached 0.1 m/s at the depth of 210 m. Moreover, the near-inertial currents were clockwise-polarized and slightly elliptical. A depth-leading phase of the near- inertial currents was evident, which indicated downward energy propagation. However, the rotary vertical wavenumber spectra suggested that upward energy propagation also existed, which was consistent previous theoretical study. The frequency of the NIWs, modified by the positive background vorticity, was 0.714 2 cycles per day, which was 0.02f0 higher than the local inertial frequency (f0). The near-inertial kinetic energy evolved exponentially and had an e-folding timescale of about 3 days. The vertical phase and group velocity were estimated to be 10 and 2.1 m/h, respectively, corresponding to a vertical wavelength of 340 m. The NlWs were dominated by the second mode with a variance contribution of 〉50%, followed by the third mode, while the first mode was insignificant.
文摘This research compares a sample of the mainland Chinese university students (N = 325) and a sample of the British university students (N = 51) from a cross-cultural perspective by examining the relationships between individual values and communicative competence. Specifically, it aims to gain an insight into cultural impact both on the Chinese university students' self-perceptions of communication competence in the Chinese cultural context and on the British university students' self-perceptions of communication competence in a Western cultural context. The findings suggest that the mainland Chinese university students' interdependent/independent self-construals best predict their self-perceptions of communication competence. Results indicate that both Western and Chinese social values influence the two samples' interdependent and independent self-construals, and the two samples' self-perceptions of communication competence and interdependent self-construals differ significantly
文摘This paper presents results concerning energy efficiency of wheat production considered in the context of specific energy input variation in different climatic conditions of Europe as well as case studies on implementation of selected energy saving measures in practice. The source data collected from the six european union (EU) countries represent five agricultural regions of continental Europe and three climates: continental, temperate and Mediterranean. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to analyze the data excluding of pre-farm gate activities. The total primary energy consumption was decomposed into main energy input streams and it was regressed to yield. In order to compare energy efficiency of wheat production across the geographical areas, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied. It was shown that the highest wheat yield (6.7 t/ha to 8.7 t/ha) at the lowest specific energy input (2.08 GJ/t to 2.56 G J/t) is unique for temperate climate conditions. The yield in continental and Mediterranean climatic conditions is on average lower by 1.3 t/ha and 2.7 t/ha and energy efficiency lower by 14% and 38%, respectively. The case studies have shown that the energy saving activities in wheat production may be universal for the climatic zones or specific for a given geographical location. It was stated that trade-offs between energy, economic, and environmental effects, which are associated with implementation of a given energy saving measure or a set of measures to a great extent depend on the current energy efficiency status of the farm and opportunity for investment, which varies substantially across Europe.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB808800)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40930210 and 40921062)‘111’ Project (Grant No. B08030)
文摘The distributions of microbial tetraether lipids i.e. glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were investigated in a variety of Chinese soils featured by a wide range of pH values in different climate zones. The bacterial branched GDGTs and archaeal isoprenoid GDGTs were found to be widely distributed in Chinese soils and their relative abundance was controlled primarily by soil pH. The bacterial bGDGTs usually dominate over archaeal iGDGTs in abundance when the soil pH is below 8.0. However archaeal iGDGTs become dominant and the abundance of halophilic archaea characterized by GDGT V without cyclopentyl ring increases dramatically in the alkaline soil with pH greater than 8.0. The relative abundance of archaeal iGDGTs to bacterial bGDGTs was defined here as RAI index. The RAI index decreases with elevated soil pH and a linear correlation is found between them indicating that the relative abundance of archaeal iGDGTs to bacterial bGDGTs increases with increased pH. The RAI index thus could be a novel proxy of the pH values of paleosol. The terrestrial input index BIT (Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraethers Index) decreases with increased soil pH suggesting that soil pH should be taken into consideration when the terrestrial contribution to marine sediments is estimated by BIT index. Moreover the TEX86 index cannot be used to reconstruct sea surface temperature in the sediments featured by a large terrestrial input.
文摘Owing to the fast economic growing and the concern over greenhouse gases and air pollution, the development of nuclear energy is one important option to meet the expanded energy consumption in our future. To achieve that goal, continuing and reliable supplies of uranium are critical to future nuclear power projects. As is well known, global terrestrial reserves of uranium are limited and the deposits in China are relatively small.
文摘In the article, the development of medical treatment for eye injuries in the mainland of China was reviewed. According to the data provided in Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study (EIVS), 27% of 72 eyes with no light perception (NLP) gained recovery in term of antomy and visual function. Vitrectomy initiated at more than 4 weeks after open eye injury is an independent risk factor for developing PVR. Prognosis of anatomy and visual function of the injured eye with PVR is markedly worse than that without PVR. Serious injuries of ciliary body, choroid and retina are three key parts of the eye with NLP. The concept that the treatment of the eye injury gradually focus on the whole globe is embodied. The data from 13575 in patients with traumatic eyes in 14 hospitals revealed that the rate of immediate enucleation was remarkable reduced with comparison of 20 years ago.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB833504)the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program(XDA05050702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31290221)
文摘Forests play an important role in acting as a carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystem.Although global forests have huge carbon carrying capacity(CCC)and carbon sequestration potential(CSP),there were few quantification reports on Chinese forests.We collected and compiled a forest biomass dataset of China,a total of 5841 sites,based on forest inventory and literature search results.From the dataset we extracted 338 sites with forests aged over 80 years,a threshold for defining mature forest,to establish the mature forest biomass dataset.After analyzing the spatial pattern of the carbon density of Chinese mature forests and its controlling factors,we used carbon density of mature forests as the reference level,and conservatively estimated the CCC of the forests in China by interpolation methods of Regression Kriging,Inverse Distance Weighted and Partial Thin Plate Smoothing Spline.Combining with the sixth National Forest Resources Inventory,we also estimated the forest CSP.The results revealed positive relationships between carbon density of mature forests and temperature,precipitation and stand age,and the horizontal and elevational patterns of carbon density of mature forests can be well predicted by temperature and precipitation.The total CCC and CSP of the existing forests are 19.87 and 13.86 Pg C,respectively.Subtropical forests would have more CCC and CSP than other biomes.Consequently,relying on forests to uptake carbon by decreasing disturbance on forests would be an alternative approach for mitigating greenhouse gas concentration effects besides afforestation and reforestation.