Purpose: This 2-year follow-up study aimed to examine the associations between total volume, frequency, duration, and speed of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty in older adults.Methods: A total of 800 older adu...Purpose: This 2-year follow-up study aimed to examine the associations between total volume, frequency, duration, and speed of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty in older adults.Methods: A total of 800 older adults aged 65 years and over participated in the first survey in 2012 and 511 of them were followed 2 years later.The 5-item Athens Insomnia Scale(AIS-5) was used to measure sleep difficulty. Frequency, duration, and speed of outdoor walking were self-reported. Walking speed was assigned a metabolic equivalent value(MET) from 2.5 to 4.5. Total walking volume in MET-h/week was calculated as frequency × duration × speed. Negative binomial regressions were performed to examine the associations between volume and components of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty with covariates of age, sex, education, marital status, living arrangement, smoking, alcohol consumption, mental health, Charlson Index, exercise(excluding walking), and sleep difficulty at baseline.Results: Participants with low walking volume had a higher level of sleep difficulty 2 years later compared with those with high walking volume(incident rate ratios = 1.61, p = 0.004). When speed, frequency, and duration of walking were simultaneously entered into 1 model, only walking speed was significantly associated with subsequent sleep difficulty(after the model was adjusted for covariates and baseline sleep difficulty).Sensitivity analyses showed that walking duration emerged as a significant predictor among 3 walking parameters, with 2-year changes of sleep scores as dependent variable.Conclusion: Total amount of walking(especially faster walking and lasting for more than 20 min) is associated with less subsequent sleep difficulty after 2 years among older adults.展开更多
Organizations, no matter their kinds, are established to serve specific societal needs. The success of an organization depends on its ability to direct the energies of its members in effectively serving these needs. T...Organizations, no matter their kinds, are established to serve specific societal needs. The success of an organization depends on its ability to direct the energies of its members in effectively serving these needs. The primary motive for the existence of any organization is often expressed in its mission. It is heartwarming that most Nigerian organizations （profit and non-profit alike） have mission statements conspicuously displayed in their front offices However, the efficacies of these mission statements in securing the needed employees support and commitment have not being fully investigated within the Nigerian context. The authors used structured questionnaires to elicit required responses from respondents＇ employees of various Nigerian organizations. It was affirmed that the statements of properly formulated and communicated missions are potent tools in the hands of management in unleashing employees＇ commitment and improving organizational performance. It was recommended that Nigeria organizations should move beyond the use of mission statements as mere ＂slogans＂ and open up employees＇ ＂eyes to see how their daily tasks and roles as enshrined in the vision and mission can move the organization towards the attainment of its objectives展开更多
文摘Purpose: This 2-year follow-up study aimed to examine the associations between total volume, frequency, duration, and speed of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty in older adults.Methods: A total of 800 older adults aged 65 years and over participated in the first survey in 2012 and 511 of them were followed 2 years later.The 5-item Athens Insomnia Scale(AIS-5) was used to measure sleep difficulty. Frequency, duration, and speed of outdoor walking were self-reported. Walking speed was assigned a metabolic equivalent value(MET) from 2.5 to 4.5. Total walking volume in MET-h/week was calculated as frequency × duration × speed. Negative binomial regressions were performed to examine the associations between volume and components of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty with covariates of age, sex, education, marital status, living arrangement, smoking, alcohol consumption, mental health, Charlson Index, exercise(excluding walking), and sleep difficulty at baseline.Results: Participants with low walking volume had a higher level of sleep difficulty 2 years later compared with those with high walking volume(incident rate ratios = 1.61, p = 0.004). When speed, frequency, and duration of walking were simultaneously entered into 1 model, only walking speed was significantly associated with subsequent sleep difficulty(after the model was adjusted for covariates and baseline sleep difficulty).Sensitivity analyses showed that walking duration emerged as a significant predictor among 3 walking parameters, with 2-year changes of sleep scores as dependent variable.Conclusion: Total amount of walking(especially faster walking and lasting for more than 20 min) is associated with less subsequent sleep difficulty after 2 years among older adults.
文摘Organizations, no matter their kinds, are established to serve specific societal needs. The success of an organization depends on its ability to direct the energies of its members in effectively serving these needs. The primary motive for the existence of any organization is often expressed in its mission. It is heartwarming that most Nigerian organizations （profit and non-profit alike） have mission statements conspicuously displayed in their front offices However, the efficacies of these mission statements in securing the needed employees support and commitment have not being fully investigated within the Nigerian context. The authors used structured questionnaires to elicit required responses from respondents＇ employees of various Nigerian organizations. It was affirmed that the statements of properly formulated and communicated missions are potent tools in the hands of management in unleashing employees＇ commitment and improving organizational performance. It was recommended that Nigeria organizations should move beyond the use of mission statements as mere ＂slogans＂ and open up employees＇ ＂eyes to see how their daily tasks and roles as enshrined in the vision and mission can move the organization towards the attainment of its objectives
