A mechanics system consisting of three mass points on sphere S 2 is considered. The configuration space of the system is a fibre bundle over S 2 . It is proved that first Chern class of the bundle is -2 c 1...A mechanics system consisting of three mass points on sphere S 2 is considered. The configuration space of the system is a fibre bundle over S 2 . It is proved that first Chern class of the bundle is -2 c 1(γ) where γ is the canonical line bundle over the complex projective space CP 1=S 2 , which shows the bundle is non trivial. The information about the first Chern class makes the cohomology groups and homotopy groups of the configuration space worked out. In addition the effects of these topolo gical properties of the configuration space on the behavior in large scale of the system, as the number of equilibrium positions, periodic orbits and reduced phase space, are discussed.展开更多
Biochanin A(BCA) and CPe-Ⅲ peptide, which both exist in chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.), possess significant antihyperlipidemic properties. However, the actualmechanisms ofthose compounds in inhibiting the dysregulation...Biochanin A(BCA) and CPe-Ⅲ peptide, which both exist in chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.), possess significant antihyperlipidemic properties. However, the actualmechanisms ofthose compounds in inhibiting the dysregulation oflipid metabolism and complicated inflammation have not been wellcharacterized. This study investigated the effects ofBCA, CPe-Ⅲ peptide, and combined BCA and CPe-Ⅲ peptide(BC) on the expression ofgenes involved in hepatic lipid and inflammation metabolism. Results demonstrated that BCA, CPe-Ⅲ peptide, and BC significantly attenuated hepatitis and hyperlipidemia by downregulating those genes involved in pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α), hepatic fatty acid(FA) synthesis(ACC1 and FAS), cholesterolmetabolism(SREBP2, HMGCR, and PCSK9), and upregulating key regulators involved in FA oxidation(PPARα and FABP1), lipolysis(ATGL), LDLR, reverse cholesteroltransport(ABCA1, SR-B1, and LXRα), and cholesterolcatabolism(CYP7 A1). Moreover, they also altered the expression oflipid metabolism-related proteins, including SREBP2, PCSK9, LDLR, ABCA1, and CYP7 A1. Finally, these results revealed that the combination treatment ofBCA and CPe-Ⅲ peptide resulted in greater antihyperlipidemic activity compared with individualcompounds.展开更多
Lutein is a dietary carotenoid of particular nutritional interest as it is preferentially taken up by neural tissues. Often linked with beneficial effects on vision, a broader role for lutein in neuronal differentiati...Lutein is a dietary carotenoid of particular nutritional interest as it is preferentially taken up by neural tissues. Often linked with beneficial effects on vision, a broader role for lutein in neuronal differentiation has emerged recently, although the underlying mechanisms for these effects are not yet dear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lutein on neuronal differentiation and explore the associated underpinning mechanisms. We found that lutein treatment enhanced the differentiation of SH-SYSY cells, specifically increasing neuronal arborization and expression of the neuronal process filament protein microtubule-associated protein 2. This effect was mediated by the intracellular phosphoinositide-3-kinase （PI3K） signaling pathway. While PI3K activity is a known trigger of neuronal differentiation, more recently it has also been shown to modulate the metabolic state of cells. Our analysis of bioenergetics found that lutein treatment increased glucose consumption, rates of glycolysis and enhanced respiratory activity of mitochondrial complexes. Concomitantly, the generation of reactive oxygen species was increased （con- sistent with previous reports that reactive oxygen species promote neuronal differentiation）, as well as the production of the key metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA, an essential determinant of epigenetic status in the cell. We suggest that lutein-stimulated neuronal differentiation is mediated by PI3K-dependent modulation of mitochondrial respiration and signaling, and that the consequential metabolic shifts initiate epigenetically dependent transcriptomic reprogramming in support of this morphogenesis. These obser- vations support the potential importance of micronutrients supplementation to neurogenesis, both during normal development and in regenerative repair.展开更多
Organizations, no matter their kinds, are established to serve specific societal needs. The success of an organization depends on its ability to direct the energies of its members in effectively serving these needs. T...Organizations, no matter their kinds, are established to serve specific societal needs. The success of an organization depends on its ability to direct the energies of its members in effectively serving these needs. The primary motive for the existence of any organization is often expressed in its mission. It is heartwarming that most Nigerian organizations （profit and non-profit alike） have mission statements conspicuously displayed in their front offices However, the efficacies of these mission statements in securing the needed employees support and commitment have not being fully investigated within the Nigerian context. The authors used structured questionnaires to elicit required responses from respondents＇ employees of various Nigerian organizations. It was affirmed that the statements of properly formulated and communicated missions are potent tools in the hands of management in unleashing employees＇ commitment and improving organizational performance. It was recommended that Nigeria organizations should move beyond the use of mission statements as mere ＂slogans＂ and open up employees＇ ＂eyes to see how their daily tasks and roles as enshrined in the vision and mission can move the organization towards the attainment of its objectives展开更多
Background Older adults are prone to obesity and metabolic abnormalities and recommended to pursue a normal weight especially when obesity and metabolic abnormalities are co-existed. However, few studies have reported...Background Older adults are prone to obesity and metabolic abnormalities and recommended to pursue a normal weight especially when obesity and metabolic abnormalities are co-existed. However, few studies have reported the possible differences in the effect of obesity on outcomes between older adults with metabolic abnormalities and those without metabolic abnormalities. Methods A total of 3485 older men were included from 2000 to 2014. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were obtained during a mean follow-up of five years Metabolic abnormalities were defined as having established hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia and taking the disease-related medications. All participants were stratified by the presence or absence of metabolic abnormalities. Results In the non-metabolic abnormalities group, all-cause and cardiovascular deaths were lowest in overweight participants and highest in obese participants. In the metabolic abnormalities group, mortality was also lowest in overweight participants but highest in participants with normal weight. After adjustment for covariates, hazard ratios （95% CI） for all-cause death and cardiovascular death were 0.68 （0.51, 0.92） and 0.59 （0.37, 0.93）, respectively, in overweight participants with metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, obesity was not associated with mortality risk in both groups. These findings were unchanged in stratified analyses. Conclusions Overweight was negatively associated with mortality risk in older men with metabolic abnormalities but not in those without metabolic abnormalities. Obesity did not increase death risk regardless of metabolic abnormalities. These findings suggest that the recommendation of pursuing a normal weight may be wrong in overweight/obese older men, especially for those with metabolic abnormalities.展开更多
With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological c...With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological changes will occur, which will start self-regulation mechanisms to reduce abnormalities and help the organism to better adapt to microgravity. However, these adaptive changes may also induce degradation or damage to physiological functions. This paper summarizes the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body from the aspects of skeletal and mineral metabolism, muscle structure and function, vestibular functions, cardiovascular function and pulmonary function, as well as expounds some commonly used ground-based space analogies. The paper will provide a reference for further study on the physiological effects of microgravity.展开更多
One major function of adipocytes is to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides. Insufficient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistanc...One major function of adipocytes is to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides. Insufficient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-specific protease 2 （Senp2） in adipose tissues during obesity. Adipocyte 5enp2 deficiency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feeding. We further found that SET domain bifurcated 1 （Setdbl） was a SUMOylated protein and that SUMOylation promoted Setdbl occupancy on the promoter locus of Pparg and Cebpa genes to suppress their expressions by H3Kgme3. Senp2 could suppress Setdbl function by de-SUMOylation. In adipocyte 5enp2-deficiency mice, accumulation of the SUMOylated Setdbl suppressed the expression of Pparg and Cebpo genes as welt as lipid metabolism-related target genes, which would decrease the ability of lipid storage in adipocytes. These results revealed the crucial role of Senp2-Setdbl axis in controlling adipose lipid storage.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Jiangtang Xiaoke(JTXK) granule on endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in high fat diet(HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) KK-Ay mice.METHODS:KK-Ay mice were fed with HFD to ind...OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Jiangtang Xiaoke(JTXK) granule on endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in high fat diet(HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) KK-Ay mice.METHODS:KK-Ay mice were fed with HFD to induce the T2 DM model,while normal control C57 BL/6 J mice were given standard feed.Fasting blood glucose(FBG) in all mice was measured weekly and oral glucose tolerance tests(OGTTs) were performed at 4 and 10 weeks after start of treatment to determine glucose metabolism.Serum fasting insulin(FINS) and insulin sensitivity index(ISI) were measured to determine insulin sensitivity.m RNA expressions of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha(e IF2α),glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78),activating transcription factor 4(ATF4),and C/EBP homology protein(CHOP) were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the protein expressions of p-e IF2α,GRP78,and CHOP were assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS:JTXK granule significantly reduced FBG and free fatty acid levels and improved OGTT at the120 min of the 10-week treatment in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.FINS and Hb Alc levels were reduced and insulin sensitivities were increased in KK-Ay diabetic mice,which were improved with the treatment of JTXK granule,especially at the 7 and 3.5 g/kg doses.JTXK granule at the 3.5 g/kg dose was most effective in reducing both gene and protein expressions of e IF2α,GRP78,and CHOP.CONCLUSION:ER stress response is increased in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.Treatment with JTXK granule attenuates glucose disorders,improves insulin sensitivity,and reduces serum FFA in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.The mechanisms may be attributed to regulation of the signaling ER stress pathway via decreasing e IF2α phosphorylation and suppressing e IF2α-ATF4-CHOP activation.展开更多
Edaphic biota significantly affects several essential ecological functions such as C-storage, nutrient turnover, and productivity.However, it is not completely understood how belowground animal contribution to these f...Edaphic biota significantly affects several essential ecological functions such as C-storage, nutrient turnover, and productivity.However, it is not completely understood how belowground animal contribution to these functions changes in grasslands subject to different land use types. A microcosm experiment was carried out to test the effect of a tritrophic food chain on CO_2 release from grassland soils. Soil was collected from three differently managed grassland systems(meadow, pasture, and mown pasture) located in three distinct German regions that cover a north-south gradient of approximately 500 km. The tritrophic food chain comprised natural edaphic microflora, nematodes, and predatory gamasid mites. The experimental design involved a full factorial combination of the presence and absence of nematodes and gamasid mites. Nematodes significantly increased the CO_2 emissions in most treatments,but the extent of this effect varied with land use type. The fact that grazing by nematodes stimulated the metabolic activity of the edaphic microflora over a wide range of grassland soils highlighted the critical impact of the microfauna on ecosystem services associated with soil organic matter dynamics. Gamasids slightly amplified the effect of nematodes on microbial metabolic activity,but only in the pastures. This effect was most probably due to the control of nematode abundance. The fact that gamasid addition also augmented the impact of environmental conditions on nematode-induced modulation of soil respiration highlighted the need for including land use differences while evaluating soil fauna contribution to soil processes. To conclude, the differential response of the investigated tritrophic food chain to different grassland management systems suggests that adverse effects of land use intensification on important soil processes such as atmospheric C-release could potentially be reduced by using management methods that preserve essential features of the belowground food web.展开更多
文摘A mechanics system consisting of three mass points on sphere S 2 is considered. The configuration space of the system is a fibre bundle over S 2 . It is proved that first Chern class of the bundle is -2 c 1(γ) where γ is the canonical line bundle over the complex projective space CP 1=S 2 , which shows the bundle is non trivial. The information about the first Chern class makes the cohomology groups and homotopy groups of the configuration space worked out. In addition the effects of these topolo gical properties of the configuration space on the behavior in large scale of the system, as the number of equilibrium positions, periodic orbits and reduced phase space, are discussed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31571825, 31271979, and 31201245)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (No. 15JCYBJC30100)
文摘Biochanin A(BCA) and CPe-Ⅲ peptide, which both exist in chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.), possess significant antihyperlipidemic properties. However, the actualmechanisms ofthose compounds in inhibiting the dysregulation oflipid metabolism and complicated inflammation have not been wellcharacterized. This study investigated the effects ofBCA, CPe-Ⅲ peptide, and combined BCA and CPe-Ⅲ peptide(BC) on the expression ofgenes involved in hepatic lipid and inflammation metabolism. Results demonstrated that BCA, CPe-Ⅲ peptide, and BC significantly attenuated hepatitis and hyperlipidemia by downregulating those genes involved in pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α), hepatic fatty acid(FA) synthesis(ACC1 and FAS), cholesterolmetabolism(SREBP2, HMGCR, and PCSK9), and upregulating key regulators involved in FA oxidation(PPARα and FABP1), lipolysis(ATGL), LDLR, reverse cholesteroltransport(ABCA1, SR-B1, and LXRα), and cholesterolcatabolism(CYP7 A1). Moreover, they also altered the expression oflipid metabolism-related proteins, including SREBP2, PCSK9, LDLR, ABCA1, and CYP7 A1. Finally, these results revealed that the combination treatment ofBCA and CPe-Ⅲ peptide resulted in greater antihyperlipidemic activity compared with individualcompounds.
文摘Lutein is a dietary carotenoid of particular nutritional interest as it is preferentially taken up by neural tissues. Often linked with beneficial effects on vision, a broader role for lutein in neuronal differentiation has emerged recently, although the underlying mechanisms for these effects are not yet dear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lutein on neuronal differentiation and explore the associated underpinning mechanisms. We found that lutein treatment enhanced the differentiation of SH-SYSY cells, specifically increasing neuronal arborization and expression of the neuronal process filament protein microtubule-associated protein 2. This effect was mediated by the intracellular phosphoinositide-3-kinase （PI3K） signaling pathway. While PI3K activity is a known trigger of neuronal differentiation, more recently it has also been shown to modulate the metabolic state of cells. Our analysis of bioenergetics found that lutein treatment increased glucose consumption, rates of glycolysis and enhanced respiratory activity of mitochondrial complexes. Concomitantly, the generation of reactive oxygen species was increased （con- sistent with previous reports that reactive oxygen species promote neuronal differentiation）, as well as the production of the key metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA, an essential determinant of epigenetic status in the cell. We suggest that lutein-stimulated neuronal differentiation is mediated by PI3K-dependent modulation of mitochondrial respiration and signaling, and that the consequential metabolic shifts initiate epigenetically dependent transcriptomic reprogramming in support of this morphogenesis. These obser- vations support the potential importance of micronutrients supplementation to neurogenesis, both during normal development and in regenerative repair.
文摘Organizations, no matter their kinds, are established to serve specific societal needs. The success of an organization depends on its ability to direct the energies of its members in effectively serving these needs. The primary motive for the existence of any organization is often expressed in its mission. It is heartwarming that most Nigerian organizations （profit and non-profit alike） have mission statements conspicuously displayed in their front offices However, the efficacies of these mission statements in securing the needed employees support and commitment have not being fully investigated within the Nigerian context. The authors used structured questionnaires to elicit required responses from respondents＇ employees of various Nigerian organizations. It was affirmed that the statements of properly formulated and communicated missions are potent tools in the hands of management in unleashing employees＇ commitment and improving organizational performance. It was recommended that Nigeria organizations should move beyond the use of mission statements as mere ＂slogans＂ and open up employees＇ ＂eyes to see how their daily tasks and roles as enshrined in the vision and mission can move the organization towards the attainment of its objectives
文摘Background Older adults are prone to obesity and metabolic abnormalities and recommended to pursue a normal weight especially when obesity and metabolic abnormalities are co-existed. However, few studies have reported the possible differences in the effect of obesity on outcomes between older adults with metabolic abnormalities and those without metabolic abnormalities. Methods A total of 3485 older men were included from 2000 to 2014. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were obtained during a mean follow-up of five years Metabolic abnormalities were defined as having established hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia and taking the disease-related medications. All participants were stratified by the presence or absence of metabolic abnormalities. Results In the non-metabolic abnormalities group, all-cause and cardiovascular deaths were lowest in overweight participants and highest in obese participants. In the metabolic abnormalities group, mortality was also lowest in overweight participants but highest in participants with normal weight. After adjustment for covariates, hazard ratios （95% CI） for all-cause death and cardiovascular death were 0.68 （0.51, 0.92） and 0.59 （0.37, 0.93）, respectively, in overweight participants with metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, obesity was not associated with mortality risk in both groups. These findings were unchanged in stratified analyses. Conclusions Overweight was negatively associated with mortality risk in older men with metabolic abnormalities but not in those without metabolic abnormalities. Obesity did not increase death risk regardless of metabolic abnormalities. These findings suggest that the recommendation of pursuing a normal weight may be wrong in overweight/obese older men, especially for those with metabolic abnormalities.
文摘With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological changes will occur, which will start self-regulation mechanisms to reduce abnormalities and help the organism to better adapt to microgravity. However, these adaptive changes may also induce degradation or damage to physiological functions. This paper summarizes the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body from the aspects of skeletal and mineral metabolism, muscle structure and function, vestibular functions, cardiovascular function and pulmonary function, as well as expounds some commonly used ground-based space analogies. The paper will provide a reference for further study on the physiological effects of microgravity.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （91019021 and 81430069 to J.C.）, the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） （2013CB910902 to J.C.）, Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology （15ZR1424500 to T.W. and 15140904300）, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission （ZZjdyx15003 to T.W. and 2017-01-07-00-01-E00050 to J.C.）, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine （14XJ10001 to T.W.）.
文摘One major function of adipocytes is to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides. Insufficient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-specific protease 2 （Senp2） in adipose tissues during obesity. Adipocyte 5enp2 deficiency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feeding. We further found that SET domain bifurcated 1 （Setdbl） was a SUMOylated protein and that SUMOylation promoted Setdbl occupancy on the promoter locus of Pparg and Cebpa genes to suppress their expressions by H3Kgme3. Senp2 could suppress Setdbl function by de-SUMOylation. In adipocyte 5enp2-deficiency mice, accumulation of the SUMOylated Setdbl suppressed the expression of Pparg and Cebpo genes as welt as lipid metabolism-related target genes, which would decrease the ability of lipid storage in adipocytes. These results revealed the crucial role of Senp2-Setdbl axis in controlling adipose lipid storage.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC81703971,NSFC81274041)Co-construction Project of Beijing Education Commission(No.0101216-2013,0101216-2014)+1 种基金the Key Drug Development Program(No.2012ZX09103201-005)the 111 project of MOE(No.B07007)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Jiangtang Xiaoke(JTXK) granule on endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in high fat diet(HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) KK-Ay mice.METHODS:KK-Ay mice were fed with HFD to induce the T2 DM model,while normal control C57 BL/6 J mice were given standard feed.Fasting blood glucose(FBG) in all mice was measured weekly and oral glucose tolerance tests(OGTTs) were performed at 4 and 10 weeks after start of treatment to determine glucose metabolism.Serum fasting insulin(FINS) and insulin sensitivity index(ISI) were measured to determine insulin sensitivity.m RNA expressions of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha(e IF2α),glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78),activating transcription factor 4(ATF4),and C/EBP homology protein(CHOP) were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the protein expressions of p-e IF2α,GRP78,and CHOP were assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS:JTXK granule significantly reduced FBG and free fatty acid levels and improved OGTT at the120 min of the 10-week treatment in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.FINS and Hb Alc levels were reduced and insulin sensitivities were increased in KK-Ay diabetic mice,which were improved with the treatment of JTXK granule,especially at the 7 and 3.5 g/kg doses.JTXK granule at the 3.5 g/kg dose was most effective in reducing both gene and protein expressions of e IF2α,GRP78,and CHOP.CONCLUSION:ER stress response is increased in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.Treatment with JTXK granule attenuates glucose disorders,improves insulin sensitivity,and reduces serum FFA in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.The mechanisms may be attributed to regulation of the signaling ER stress pathway via decreasing e IF2α phosphorylation and suppressing e IF2α-ATF4-CHOP activation.
基金funded by the German Research Society (DFG) Priority Program 1374 "InfrastructureBiodiversity-Exploratories" (DFG-Ref. No. 1374)the "The functional role of soil biodiversity in grassland habitats: effects of land use and climate on niche properties, decomposition and greenhouse gas fluxes" (SOILFUN) project
文摘Edaphic biota significantly affects several essential ecological functions such as C-storage, nutrient turnover, and productivity.However, it is not completely understood how belowground animal contribution to these functions changes in grasslands subject to different land use types. A microcosm experiment was carried out to test the effect of a tritrophic food chain on CO_2 release from grassland soils. Soil was collected from three differently managed grassland systems(meadow, pasture, and mown pasture) located in three distinct German regions that cover a north-south gradient of approximately 500 km. The tritrophic food chain comprised natural edaphic microflora, nematodes, and predatory gamasid mites. The experimental design involved a full factorial combination of the presence and absence of nematodes and gamasid mites. Nematodes significantly increased the CO_2 emissions in most treatments,but the extent of this effect varied with land use type. The fact that grazing by nematodes stimulated the metabolic activity of the edaphic microflora over a wide range of grassland soils highlighted the critical impact of the microfauna on ecosystem services associated with soil organic matter dynamics. Gamasids slightly amplified the effect of nematodes on microbial metabolic activity,but only in the pastures. This effect was most probably due to the control of nematode abundance. The fact that gamasid addition also augmented the impact of environmental conditions on nematode-induced modulation of soil respiration highlighted the need for including land use differences while evaluating soil fauna contribution to soil processes. To conclude, the differential response of the investigated tritrophic food chain to different grassland management systems suggests that adverse effects of land use intensification on important soil processes such as atmospheric C-release could potentially be reduced by using management methods that preserve essential features of the belowground food web.
