中国东部的降水区划及备区旱涝变化的特征

为了研究我国旱涝发生的规律、成因和预测，事先掌握降水的气候型区和各区降水变化的气候特征是十分必要的。本文利用１９５１—１９８６年中国东部１４０个站的月降水资料，分析了下半年降水相对系数、月际和年际标准差等参量时空变化的特征，并综合应用逐级归并法和成批调整法，对中国东部地区进行了降水气候区的划分。在此基础上，进一步探讨了各区旱涝的频数和长期变化的趋势。

一个缓慢移动的中尺度对流复合体内层状降水区的微结构分析

本文对一个中纬中尺度对流复合体层状降水区的微物理结构,结合雷达、卫星和其他飞机观测资料进行了分析.结果表明,MCC层状区内某些部位盛行冰晶聚合体,它们分布在相当厚的过冷气层内(0.5—-14℃或更冷).冰晶聚并过程足层状区内降水质点增长的主要机制.它起源于较高较冷的气层,在冰晶聚合体下降途中聚并效率渐趋增强,在0℃层附近形成一大的冰晶聚合带. 层状区中云滴液态含水量一般低于0.3g·m^(-3).0℃层以下降水质点数浓度较低,平均为0.8L^(-1)(2D-P资料)和2.3L^(-1)(2D-C资料),相应的平均体积中值直径分别为1.0和0.6mm.在0—-10c气层内,冰质点平均数浓度为27L^(-1)(2D-P资料)和133L^(-1)(2D-C),远人于0℃层以下的雨滴数浓度,相应的平均体积中值直径为0.8和0.4mm.冰质点数浓度随高度向上增加,在飞机垂直探测的顶部(6600m高度)观测到最大数浓度52L^(-1)(2D-P资料)和289L^(-1)(2D-C资料).冰质点大小则相反,是随高度下降而增大的.在0℃层附近冰晶聚合体较大较多,冰质点中15％以上是聚合体,2D-P探头观测的冰质点平均体积中值直径达1.8mm. 滴谱分析表明,负指数律分布能较好地拟合所有观测的降水质点大小谱分布.对水滴,斜率参数λ平均为17(±3.6)cm^(-1),相对变差不超过20％。

广东候降雨量的相关性和降水区划

用３种方法计算了广东候降水相关性，发现用候降水量距平计算的相关系数能较科学划分广东区域降水区划；西江流域与东江流域及沿海地区各有较好的降水正相关，同时降水可能性大，易致洪涝；北江降水相关性差，应多设测点．同时指出，气候平均降水的相关概率不宜用于预报．

基于REOF的青藏高原东侧降水区划分析

本文运用青藏高原东侧35个基本站常规观测50年（1951-2000）年降水资料,采用REOF（旋转主分量）分析方法对高原东侧降水的区域性特征进行分析,把高原东侧分为七种气候模态,既是中-北部型、川东型、西部型、西北型、重庆型、西南型和南部型。根据这个结果,按照一定临界值,把高原东侧地区分为七个降水区。

1978-2018年青藏高原降水区划及各区降水量时空演变特征

针对全球气候变化对区划降水时空演变动态影响的问题,选取青藏高原内部及周边85个气象站点1978-2018年共41 a的日降水资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)、旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、Sen’s斜率估计、滑动t检验和Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了青藏高原年降水量典型分布型以及区域降水量的时空演变特征。结果表明:1978-2018年青藏高原整体年降水量主要存在南北差异、东南-西北差异两种典型分布型,且存在以雅鲁藏布江下游、澜沧江下游以及川西为中心逐渐向四周减少的干湿差异性。采用REOF将青藏高原分为8个降水区,Ⅴ区、Ⅵ区的降水量呈减少趋势,减幅分别为1.5%、3.7%,Ⅳ区的降水量变化平稳,Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区、Ⅶ区和Ⅷ区的降水量呈增多趋势,增幅分别为8.6%、28.3%、10.0%、3.8%和6.0%。青藏高原西北干旱地区和北部干旱地区的降水量有增加趋势,形成喀喇昆仑山脉地区、柴达木盆地地区、四川西部地区、高原东南地区和羌塘高原地区5个降水异常区。8个降水量分区的年平均降水量有多个突变年份,各区有着不同程度的年代际变化以及不同时间尺度的周期特征。

近45a东北地区春季降水异常的气候特征

利用1959—2003年我国东北地区93站春季降水资料,将降水场分成5个区域,并在此基础之上分析了春季降水的时空变化特征,发现:降水量年际变化及长期趋势有明显的区域差异,呈东多西少的分布特征;西部是旱涝易发生区,近45a来降水量略有增多;降水量的周期振荡存在明显的区域差异。

1970—2012年河南省初秋降水特征分析

利用1970—2012年河南省114个气象站9月日降水量、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及海温数据,采用统计诊断与合成方法对河南省初秋降水的气候特征、异常年份大气环流特征及降水与ENSO的关系进行分析。结果表明:河南省初秋(9月)降水有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,20世纪70年代前期和80年代前期降水偏多,70年代后期、80年代后期至2003年降水偏少,2000年后降水呈波动变化。河南省初秋的降水场可以划分为南北两个降水区,两个分区降水无显著的线性趋势和突变,20世纪80年代后期至2003年两个降水分区降水均偏少。旱涝年合成高度的差值场表明欧洲地区、西伯利亚地区、蒙古至中国北方地区及西太平洋区域均是影响河南省初秋降水的关键区;西伯利亚地区为正高度异常、中国北方至蒙古为负高度异常及西太平洋副热带高压偏北的环流形势易造成河南省初秋降水偏多;降水偏少年份的环流形势则相反。ENSO为冷位相年,河南省初秋降水易偏多;河南省初秋降水偏少年除受ENSO的影响外,中高纬度环流的影响可能起主导作用。

焦作市4—9月短期降水精细化预报系统

在降水时空变化研究的基础上，完成辖区降水区划；用计算机识别T213风场中槽线、切变线等影响系统，并按其相对于预报站方位，确定对其影响强度指数，组合预报因子，建立判别方程，制作分县0～12小时、12～24小时降水分级预报。经检验，系统对降水落区有较强预报能力。

两强震涡中点的“拍涡”引发致洪暴雨初探

两个强震震涡中心连线的中点处，因为共振和“拍”的作用，会形成“地热涡”，它使得位于其上的地幔与地壳抬升，地温升高（3．2m地温亦升高），因此将其称为“拍地热涡”（简称“拍涡”）．本文对近30年出现在我国的“拍涡”进行了统计，结果表明：凡两个强震符合下述条件者：1）两强震的震级差≤1．5级，其最强地震≥6．5级（除1982年12月6．4级例外）；2）两强震的震中距相差1500-6000km；3）两强震的时间差≤2个月．半年之内在其“拍涡”的数百公里范围内会出现一块R’％〉100％的强大多雨区，这为水灾预测提供了依据．同时对少数不符合上述条件的个例进行了成因解释．

Interdecadal variability of summer precipitation in the Three River Source Region: Influences of SST and zonal shifts of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet

Summer precipitation in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR)of China is vital for the headwaters of the Yellow,Yangtze,and Lancang rivers and exhibits significant interdecadal variability.This study investigates the influence of the East Asian westerly jet(EAWJ)on TRSR rainfall.A strong correlation is found between TRSR summer precipitation and the Jet Zonal Position Index(JZPI)of the EAWJ from 1961 to 2019(R=0.619,p<0.01).During periods when a positive JZPI indicates a westward shift in the EAWJ,enhanced water vapor anomalies,warmer air,and low-level convergence anomalies contribute to increased TRSR summer precipitation.Using empirical orthogonal function and regression analyses,this research identifies the influence of large-scale circulation anomalies associated with the Atlantic–Eurasian teleconnection(AEA)from the North Atlantic(NA).The interdecadal variability between the NA and central tropical Pacific(CTP)significantly affects TRSR precipitation.This influence is mediated through the AEA via a Rossby wave train extending eastward along the EAWJ,and another south of 45°N.Moreover,the NA–CTP Opposite Phase Index(OPI),which quantifies the difference between the summer mean sea surface temperatures of the NA and the CTP,is identified as a critical factor in modulating the strength of this teleconnection and influencing the zonal position of the EAWJ.

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Precipitation during Crop Growing Season in Northeast China

[Objective] The aims were to understand variation characteristics of water resources and provide theoretical guidance for the formulation of agricultural irrigation methods.[Method] Taking the precipitation records during crop growing season（from April to September）observed by 177 weather stations from 1971 to 2008 in the three provinces of Northeast China（Heilongjiang,Jilin and Liaoning）as research data,annual change and spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation during crop growing season were analyzed by means of small grid interpolation and climatic trend rate.[Result] The precipitation during crop growing season general exhibited the decreasing trend and the precipitation trend rate was-8.6 mm/10a in Northeast China.In addition,there was lack of rain from 1971 to 1980 and relatively abundant of rain during 1981 and 1990 respectively.Moreover,the precipitation obviously exhibited decreasing trend from 1991 to 2008.But the decreasing trend was inconsistent in spatial distributions,that was,the precipitation slightly increased in relatively rainless areas and obviously decreased in relatively rainy areas.[Conclusion] The areas with obvious decreasing trend of precipitation during crop growing season are the main grain producing zones in Northeast China,so the problem of food production security caused by the precipitation changes should be paid enough attention.

新余市大雪分析与预报

大雪是我市冬季的主要灾害天气之一,对工农业生产、邮电通讯、交通运输等影响极大,与我们的菜篮子也有直接关系。因此,做好大雪预报是公益服务和有偿专业服务的追切需要。

Temporal-Spatial Variances of Holocene Precipitation at the Marginal Area of the East Asian Monsoon Influences from Pollen Evidence

The woodland-steppe ecotone in the. southern Nei Mongol Plateau is located at the northern edge of the east Asian monsoon influences. A marked southeastern - northwestern (SE - NW) precipitation gradient exists in this region. Quantitative reconstruction of palaeo-precipitation of this region is helpful to reveal the development of monsoon climate and to predict die future desertification. Based on modern vegetation and surface pollen studies, a pollen-precipitation transfer function in the study region was established. Pollen data from three sediment sequences within the ecotone were used to reconstruct palaeo-precipitation during the Holocene. The processes of precipitation changes in the three sequences were quite different. There was a tendency of precipitation declined from the onset of the Holocene to 1 100 a BP in Haoluku. But, in Liuzhouwan and Xiaoniuchang, both located south of Haoluku, the annual precipitation reached highest values during 7 800 - 6 200 a BP and 7 200 - 5 000 a BP, respectively. The influences of southwestern (SW) monsoon and the variances of topographical conditions have possibly caused these temporal-spatial variances.

吉林省短期天气概率预报方法研究的初步进展

本文应用多元回归分析方法和数理统计方法,初步建立了一个以日本数值预报产品资料为依托的客观化短期实时降水天气概率预报体系,1998年汛期试用的结果表明:对短期降水天气预报有较好的指导作用。

Effects of Enhanced Ultraviolet Radiation-B on Maize in Arid Regions of Middle-high Elevation

[Objective] The experiment aimed to explore the influence of enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B on maize in arid regions of middle-high elevation for correct assessing the influence of enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B on maize and providing scientific reference to make proper countermeasures. [ Method] The location test in field and lift lamp of UV-B were used to observe the changes of maize height, leaf area and number of green leaves under influences of different UV-B radiation. [ Result] In arid regions of middle-high elevation, enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B could dwarf maize plant, decrease leaf area, decline number of green leaves and yield. The reason of decreasing leaf area was that enhanced ultraviolet radiation-B shortened leaf length and leaf width while the reason of declining yield was that yield components were all negatively influ- enced and with the increase of ultraviolet radiation-B, the yield declined dramatically. [ Concluslonl The result of this experiment would be good for maize production in arid regions of middle-high elevation.

Analysis of Short-term Heavy Precipitations in a Regional Heavy Rainstorm in Shannxi Province

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the cause of the generation of short-term heavy precipitations in a regional heavy rainstorm in Shannxi Province. [Method] Taking a heavy rainstorm covering most parts of Shaanxi Province in late July 2010 as an example, data of five Doppler weather radars in Shaanxi Province were employed for a detailed analysis of the evolution of the heavy rainstorm pro- cess. [Result] Besides the good large-scale weather background conditions, the de- velopment and evolution of some mesoscale and small-scale weather systems direct- ly led to short-term heavy precipitations during the heavy rainstorm process, involv- ing the intrusion of moderate IS-scale weak cold air and presence of small-scale wind shear, convergence and adverse wind area. In addition, small-scale convection echoes were arranged in lines and formed a ＂train effect＂, which would also con- tribute to the generation of short-term heavy precipitation. [Conclusion] This study provided basic information for more clear and in-depth analysis of the formation mechanism of short-term heavy precipitations.

The runoff characteristics and harmonic analysis of the soil moisture dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia stand

Robinia pseudoacacia stands act as a typical ecological protection forest in hilly semi-arid area of China. Two fields of surface runoff were separately set up in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area in the western Liaoning Province (1850-12225 E, 4024-4234 N) for measuring the characteristics of runoff and sediment as well as soil moisture dynamics. Contractive analysis of the two land types showed that there existed a significant difference in volumes of runoff and sediment between the sites of R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area. The runoff volume and sediment volume in clearcut area were much bigger than those in R. pseudoacacia stand, with an increase amount of 40%-177% for runoff and 180%-400% for sediment. Hydrograph of surface runoff of typical rainfall showed that the peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was decreased by 1.0-2.5?0-3m3s-1 compared with that in its clearcut area, and the occurring time of peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was 10-20 min later than that in its clearcut area. Harmonic analysis of soil moisture dynamics indicated that the soil moisture in R. pseudoacacia stand was 2.3 % higher than that in clearcut area, and the soil moisture both in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area could be divided into dry season and humid season and varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation. It was concluded that R. pseudoacacia stand plays a very important role in storing water, increasing soil moisture, and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion.