海南省年降水量的年际变化和特征分析

本文应用主分量分析方法对海南省的年降水量、年降水平均值、标准差和距平百分率进行统计分析结果发现，前5个分量可表示降水总方差的83％，它已反映出年降水场最重要的特征。时间系数和特征向量的组合，将年降水场分为5种类型，并确定了海南省逐年降水量的类型，全省性旱和涝的几率最高，占58％，其次是东南旱西涝，占17％。

考虑水库影响的长江上游流域降水时空变化分析

研究全球气候变化和大型水库建设运行对长江流域内原有降水特征变化的影响。收集1961-2006年长江上游流域的降水资料加以整理,采用线性回归法、SPSS检验、M-K检验法等方法对长江上游流域降水的年际变化、突变分析、空间分布特征进行分析,并采用GIS软件绘制研究区降水量的空间等值线分布图。结果表明:金沙江流域和雅砻江流域平均降水呈不同幅度的上升趋势,岷江流域、嘉陵江流域、乌江流域及长江上游干流流域平均降水均呈不同幅度的下降趋势;流域降水突变时间分布比较分散;长江上游流域多年平均降水从西北至东南逐渐增加,以金沙江流域的伍道梁站及雅砻江流域的理塘站为中心,整个流域年均降水变化趋势向外逐渐减少,以岷江流域的乐山站为中心,整个流域年均降水变化趋势向外逐渐增加。

中国降水特征及拟合参数时空分布研究

为总结全国降水特征,并探究降水历时的分布,对中国698个气象站56年连续日降水数据,从降水的季节分布、极端特征、持续时间3个方面分析降水特征的空间分布和年际变化,并利用伽马分布对降水历时曲线进行拟合和参数估计,分析影响拟合参数的潜在物理因素。结果显示:(1)降水趋势总体呈现东南地区增加,中部下降,东部、西北、东北冬季降水量增加且分布范围较广,从中国东南地区到西北地区,降水百分位的变化趋势呈先升再减再升,99百分位降水阈值的分布更不均匀,临河站的降水百分位变化趋势下降最大,尤其是湿日降水百分位,湿期在西南和中部地区处于下降趋势,沿海和西北地区处于上升趋势,且流域旱涝持续时间分布特征在大部分地区表现出相反状态,湿期的年际变化相较于干期小;(2)伽马分布对降水量有较好的拟合效果,尺度参数β与降水量和降水百分位的相关性较高,且对强降水事件的极端降水阈值有更好的表现,这一发现能够为后续基于物理影响因素的降水过程研究提供理论支持。

张家口市降水特性分析

1 降水成因浅析 张家口市位于半干旱地区,以坝缘为界,将全市分为不同的地貌单元,坝上高原、坝下山区和山间盆地。坝下山峦起伏、地形复杂。我市降水的成因主要有二类。一是由季风气候形成。夏季盛行东南风,大量的暖湿气流与西北冷空气遭遇,形成大面积降水(锋面雨)。二是地形影响。由于太行山、燕山屏障的阻挡,水汽减弱,使张家口市的降水量偏少;

基于种植结构调整的农业生产适应性分析——以内蒙古乌兰察布市为例

提高农业旱灾适应性,有利于降低农业旱灾风险,使农业生产在与旱灾风险共存中求得可持续发展,而种植结构调整是主要的农业生产适应措施之一。以内蒙古乌兰察布市为案例区,基于统计年鉴数据,分析了该市近50 a以来的种植结构调整情况;并结合区域降水年内及年际变化特征,对基于政府政策驱动下的种植结构调整进行了分析。基于粮食产量波动与降水波动的关系,评价了农业生产的气候适应度。结果显示,种植结构调整作为旱灾适应性的有效调整措施,保证了该区农作物单产在降水波动增大的条件下仍呈现逐年增长的趋势,1995年以来区域农业旱灾适应性明显增强,更适于气候暖干化条件。

Preliminary Studies on Summer Precipitation Patterns in China

[Objective] Study on the spatial distribution of summer precipitation patterns and interannual and interdecadal variability. [Method] The summer precipitation patterns were obtained from standard field of summer precipitation data for 160 observation stations in China during 1951 -2000 by the utilization of empirical orthogonal function （EOF）, and characteristics of interannual and interdecadal variability were analyzed. [Result] The summer precipitation mainly distributes in eastern part of China; The 1 st, 2nd and 3rd EOF modes of spatial distribution are especially remarkable as well consistent with the results of previous reports about three rainfall patterns from analysis on the percentages of precipitation anomaly of summer. [Conclusion] There exists interannual and interdecadal variability for summer precipitation in China.

暴雨的次生灾害——泥石流

我国是一个多山的国家,山地、高原和丘陵地竟占国土面积的69％,每年都产生大量的泥石流、崩塌和滑坡等灾害。它们主要分布于我国的中部山区,即祁连山,川西高原一线东部;太行山、鄂西山地、武陵山一线西北、长城以南地区。这些地区因工农业生产迅速发展,人口迅速膨胀,山区资源大量开发,森林和地表植被日遭破坏,生态环境日趋恶化,降水年际变化大,故造成泥石流、崩塌和滑坡等严重灾害。据统计分析:我国近百年死于泥石流、崩塌和滑坡的已达万人以上。我国西南各省铁路沿线因受泥石流、崩塌和滑坡灾害的有近万公里,占全国铁路总长度近20％。

甘肃省黄土高原区林业生态建设自然气候条件严酷性分析

甘肃省黄土高原区林业生态建设面对的难点是自然气候条件严酷,气候干旱少雨则是这种严酷性的重要表现之一。秋雨型降水、降水年际变化大、有效降水少、大气干燥多风等因素叠加在一起,构成了甘肃省黄土高原区气候干旱的本质所在,频繁的自然灾害进一步导致该区林业生态建设难上加难。

浅议南四湖水资源管理存在的问题及对策

南四湖系微山湖、昭阳湖、独山湖、南阳湖4个相贯通湖泊的总称,属淮河流域泗水系,地处江苏与山东两省交界地区,因位于山东省西南部的济宁以南而得名,是我国北方地区最大的淡水湖,具有防洪、供水、养殖、航运、旅游等多种功能,是江苏、山东两省南四湖供水区的主要供水水源地。

Combined impact of in-phase and out-of-phase variation between the northern East Asian low and western North Pacific subtropical high on East Asian summer rainfall

East Asian summer rainfall is affected by both the continental northern East Asian low （NEAL） and the western North Pacific subtropical high （WNPSH） in the lower troposphere. This study investigates the joint effect of the two circulation factors on East Asian summer rainfall. It is found that the rainfall in East Asia behaves differently in the years with in-phase and out-of-phase variation between the NEAL and WNPSH. When the NEAL and WNPSH vary in phase, i.e. when they are both stronger, the rainfall anomaly shows a dipole pattern in East Asia and displays opposite changes between north and south of 30°N. When the two circulation factors vary out of phase, the rainfall anomaly is concentrated in the Yangtze River valley.

Interdecadal Variability of Spring Precipitation over South China and Its Associated Atmospheric Water Vapor Transport

The characteristics of spring precipitation and water vapor transport in South China were analyzed by using observational data and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. The results show that, during the spring, each component of the water cycle (precipitation, wind field, specific humidity, water vapor transport, etc.) in South China exhibits a notable interdecadal variability. An abrupt increase in spring precipitation occurred in the early 1970s. During the dry period from 1958 to 1971, a water vapor flux divergence (positive divQ) existed in South China, which may have led to the deficiency in rainfall. However, during the wet period from 1973 to 1989, there was a remarkable water vapor flux convergence (negative divQ) in South China, which may have resulted in the higher rainfall. The interdecadal variability of water vapor transport is closely related to the interdecadal variability of wind fields, although the interdecadal variability of specific humidity also plays a role to some extent, and the interdecadal variability of the zonal water vapor transport contributes much more to the interdecadal variability of spring precipitation than the meridional water vapor transport.

Shift of the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation in terms of spatial pattern

This paper documents that the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation experienced a prominent interdecadal shift around 1992/1993 in terms of spatial pattern and major driving factors. During 1979-1992 （Period 1, P1）, Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation anomalies mainly display a meridional dipole pattern from north to south, whereas in the period 1993-2016 （Period 2, P2）, it shows a meridional tripole pattern instead. The summer precipitation in P1 is primarily associated with a combination of the developing phase （central-eastern Pacific type） and decaying phase （eastern Pacific type） of El Nino-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）; while in P2, it is mainly associated with the decaying phase of central-eastern-Pacific-type ENSO.

广东省雷州半岛水文特性

广东省雷州半岛水文特性陈世俊（广东省水文总站湛江分站）１概述地处我国大陆最南端的雷州半岛在历史上曾是陈兵、移民、谪官放逐之所，也是一个“千里赤地，桐无一青，的南蛮之地。雷州半岛位于广东省的西南部，东濒南海，西临北部湾，南隔琼州海峡与海南省相望，介于北...

The Relationship between the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Precipitation and Its Interannual Variability over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley

The intensity of summer precipitation interannual variability is strongest over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley(MLYRV). The variability is larger than 1.5 mm d–1 and up to 35%–40% of the climatological mean summer precipitation. The relationship between the interdecadal change in the intensity of summer precipitation and its interannual variability over this area is investigated, by analyzing five gauged and re-constructed precipitation datasets. The relationship is found to be very weak over the MLYRV, with a correlation coefficient of only approximately 0.10. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation influences the western North Pacific subtropical high, which is responsible for the interdecadal change in summer precipitation over the MLYRV. However, the precipitation interannual variability is closely related to the ENSO events in the preceding winter due to its impact on the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet. Different physical mechanisms cause different interdecadal variation in the intensity of summer precipitation and its interannual variability, and thus result in a poor relationship.

A tripole winter precipitation change pattern around the Tibetan Plateau in the late 1990s

Classical monsoon dynamics considers the winter/spring snow amount on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)as a major factor driving the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)for its direct influence on the land-sea thermal contrast.Actually,the TP snow increased and decreased after the late 1970s and 1990s,respectively,accompanying the two major interdecadal changes in the EASM.Although studies have explored the possible mechanisms of the EASM interdecadal variations,and change in TP snow is considered as one of the major drivers,few studies have illustrated the underlying mechanisms of the interdecadal changes in the winter TP snow.This study reveals a tripole pattern of change,with decreased winter precipitation over the TP and an increase to its north and south after the late 1990s.Further analyses through numerical experiments demonstrate that the tropical Pacific SST changes in the late 1990s can robustly affect the winter TP precipitation through regulating the Walker and regional Hadley circulation.The cooling over the tropical central-eastern Pacific can enhance the Walker circulation cell over the Pacific and induce ascending motion anomalies over the Indo-Pacific region.These anomalies further drive descending motion anomalies over the TP and ascending motion anomalies to the north through regulating the regional Hadley circulation.Therefore,the positive-negative-positive winter precipitation anomalies around the TP are formed.This study improves the previously poor understanding of TP climate variation at interdecadal timescales.

An enhanced influence of sea surface temperature in the tropical northern Atlantic on the following winter ENSO since the early 1980s

Previous studies have revealed a connection between springtime sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical northern Atlantic （TNA） and the succeeding wintertime El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The present analysis demonstrates that the linkage between springtime TNA SST and the following ENSO experiences an obvious interdecadal change around the early 1980s, with the connection being weak before but significant after. After the early 1980s, springtime positive TNA SST anomalies induce an anomalous cyclone over the northeastern subtropical Pacific and an anomalous Walker circulation with a descending branch over the tropical central-eastern Pacific. This leads to anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and an anomalous anticyclone over the western-central tropical Pacific, with anomalous easterlies to the equatorward side. As such, springtime TNA SST anomalies are followed by wintertime ENSO after the early 1980s. In contrast, before the early 1980s, anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and related anomalous easterlies over the western-central tropical Pacific are weak, corresponding to springtime positive TNA SST anomalies and resulting in a weak linkage between springtimeTNA SST and the succeeding wintertime ENSO. Further investigation implies that the change in the TNA SST-ENSO relationship is probably due to a change in springtime mean precipitation over the tropical Atlantic and South America.

The Interannual Variations of Summer Precipitation in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO

Using rainfall data from the Global Precipita- tion Climatology Project （GPCP）, NOAA extended reconstruction sea surface temperature （ERSST）, and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, this study investigates the interannual variation of summer rainfall southwest of the Indian Peninsula and the northeastern Bay of Bengal associated with ENSO. The composite study indicates a decreased summer rainfall southwest of the Indian Penin- sula and an increase in the northeastern Bay of Bengal during the developing phase, but vice versa during the decay phase of E1 Nifio. Further regression analysis dem- onstrates that abnormal rainfall in the above two regions is controlled by different mechanisms. Southwest of the Indian Peninsula, the precipitation anomaly is related to local convection and water vapor flux in the decay phase of E1 Nifio. The anomalous cyclone circulation at the lower troposphere helps strengthen rainfall. In the northeastern Bay of Bengal, the anomalous rainfall depends on the strength of the Indian southwest summer monsoon （ISSM）. A strong/weak ISSM in the developing/decay phase of E1 Nifio can bring more/less water vapor to strengthen/weaken the local summer precipitation.

Long-term changes in wintertime persistent heavy rainfall over southern China contributed by the Madden-Julian Oscillation

During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale circulation and moisture transport are tightly connected with the equatorial Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO).As the MJO convections occur over the equatorial Indian Ocean(MJO phases 1-4),the low-level moisture convergence is enhanced over southern China(SC,108°-120°E,21°-26°N)with the divergence to the north.Thus,a positive anomaly of PHR amount appears in SC but a negative anomaly of PHR amount is seen in the Yangtze River valley(YR,113°-122°E,28°-30°N).In contrast,the divergence(convergence)of moisture flux anomalies in the SC(YR)associated with the western equatorial Pacific MJO convections(phases 5-8)limits(benefits)the occurrence of PHR in the SC(YR).The wintertime PHR over southern China is found to undergo a long-term change over the past three decades(1979-2011)with a decreasing(an increasing)trend of PHR amount in the SC(YR).The change in PHR amount occurs consistently with the decadal change in MJO activity.In the earlier decade(1979-1994,E1),the active Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO events appeared more frequently while they became less frequent in the recent decade(1995-2011,E2).Accordingly,the Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO-related moisture convergence(divergence)anomalies in the SC tend to be weakened(enhanced),contributing to the decrease in PHR amount over the SC in the recent decade.