Dryness and wetness variations on different time scales in Shanghai were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index （SPI） based on monthly precipitation data for 1873-2005. The SPI on scales of 3, 6, 12 and...Dryness and wetness variations on different time scales in Shanghai were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index （SPI） based on monthly precipitation data for 1873-2005. The SPI on scales of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months has been calculated. The SPI on 3, 6, 12 and 24 months present 4 wet periods prevailed during 1873-1885, 1904-1923, 1938-1960 and 1983-2005, and 3 dry episodes during 1886-1903, 1924-1937 and 1961-1982. Significant periods of higher wavelet power in the SPI-24 months occurred on the time scales of 2-7-year band in around 1880-1890, 1910-1950 and 1970-1990, and at 8-15-year band in 1920-1960 and 1965-2000 respectively. Periodicities in the SOl and ENSO indices are similar to those in SPI-24 months with little difference, namely, in the SPI-24 months, there are significant periods at the 2-7- and 8-15-year bands during 1930-1940. The periodicity components in individual SPI-24 months, SOl and ENSO indices are more complicated, showing the wetness and dryness variability in Shanghai is controlled by more than one physical factors. The research results indicate that the Shanghai area has experienced dryness and wetness variability on different time scales during the past 133 years.展开更多
Based on tropical cyclone datasets from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP,USA) reanalysis data and the rainfall records from 743 ...Based on tropical cyclone datasets from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP,USA) reanalysis data and the rainfall records from 743 stations in China,the impacts of cyclogenesis number over the South China Sea and the western Pacific are studied on the 30-60-day oscillations in the precipitation of Guangdong during the flooding period.The year with more-than-normal (less-than-normal) tropical cyclogenesis is defined as a 'high year' ('low year').In light of the irregular periodic oscillations,the method used to construct the composite life cycle is based on nine consecutive phases in each of the cycles.Phases 1,3,5,and 7 correspond to,respectively,the time when precipitation anomalies reach theminimum,a positive transition (negative-turning-to-positive) phase,the maximum,and a negative transition phase.The results showed that the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations is associated with the interaction between a well-organized eastward propagation system from the Arabian Sea/Bay of Bengal and a westward-propagating system (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northwest-southeast direction) from the South China Sea to western Pacific during the high years,whereas the precipitation is affected during a low year by the circulation over the South China Sea and western Pacific (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northeast-southwest direction).During the high year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the west and south are transported to Guangdong by westerly anomalies and an enclosed latitudinal cell,which ascends in the Northern Hemisphere low latitudes and descends in the Southern Hemisphere low latitudes.During the low year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the south is transported to Guangdong by southwesterly wind anomalies and local ascending movements.Because the kinetic energy,westerly,easterly shift,vertical velocity and vapor transportation averaged over (109-119° E,10-20° N) is stronger in high years than those in low years,the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations in Guangdong is higher in high years than that in low years.展开更多
Our serial studies from {dy1970}s on chemical composition, structure determination and formation mechanism of gallstones were reviewed. The chemical component investigation of brown-pigment gallstone demonstrated that...Our serial studies from {dy1970}s on chemical composition, structure determination and formation mechanism of gallstones were reviewed. The chemical component investigation of brown-pigment gallstone demonstrated that it consists of macromolecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, bilirubin polymers and pigment polymers, and biomolecules such as cholesterol, bile salts, calcium salts of carbonate, phosphate, fatty acids and bilirubinate as well as various metal ions. The binding of metal ions with bile salts and bilirubin plays important roles in gallstone formation, i.e., calcium bilirubinate complex is the major constitute of brown-pigment gallstones, and copper bilirubinate complex is critical in the black color appearance of black-pigment gallstone. The cross section of many gallstones exhibits a concentric ring structure composed of various small particles with a fractal character. This is nonlinear phenomenon in gallstone formation. Atypical model system of metal ions-deoxycholate (or cholate)-gel was chosen to mimic an in vitro pattern formation system. The experimental results suggested that a nonlinear scientific concept should be considered in understanding gallstone formation. Minor changes in the chemical composition and/or the microenvironment may lead to very different precipitate patterns with a variety of shapes, colors, appearances, and structures. A new model was suggested that periodical templets of periodical and fractal patterns were formed in the initial stage, then the spatio-temporal patterns grew gradually on it. Furthermore, the interaction between divalent metal ions and bile saltsin vitro was investigated, and the results indicated that non-stoichiometric M(DC)2-NaDC mixed complexes with mixed micelles structure can be formed in physiological condition.展开更多
基金Frontier Project of Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,CAS, No.CXNIGLAS200814National Forestry Science and Technique Foundation during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period,No.2006BAD03A1601+1 种基金Project of Huaihe River Basin,No.HRM200708National Climate Center,China Meteorological Administration, No.CCSF2007-35
文摘Dryness and wetness variations on different time scales in Shanghai were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index （SPI） based on monthly precipitation data for 1873-2005. The SPI on scales of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months has been calculated. The SPI on 3, 6, 12 and 24 months present 4 wet periods prevailed during 1873-1885, 1904-1923, 1938-1960 and 1983-2005, and 3 dry episodes during 1886-1903, 1924-1937 and 1961-1982. Significant periods of higher wavelet power in the SPI-24 months occurred on the time scales of 2-7-year band in around 1880-1890, 1910-1950 and 1970-1990, and at 8-15-year band in 1920-1960 and 1965-2000 respectively. Periodicities in the SOl and ENSO indices are similar to those in SPI-24 months with little difference, namely, in the SPI-24 months, there are significant periods at the 2-7- and 8-15-year bands during 1930-1940. The periodicity components in individual SPI-24 months, SOl and ENSO indices are more complicated, showing the wetness and dryness variability in Shanghai is controlled by more than one physical factors. The research results indicate that the Shanghai area has experienced dryness and wetness variability on different time scales during the past 133 years.
基金Key National Fundamental Research and Development Project "973" Program (2006CB403600)Natural Science Foundation of China (40775058)Project of Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province (2005B32601007)
文摘Based on tropical cyclone datasets from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP,USA) reanalysis data and the rainfall records from 743 stations in China,the impacts of cyclogenesis number over the South China Sea and the western Pacific are studied on the 30-60-day oscillations in the precipitation of Guangdong during the flooding period.The year with more-than-normal (less-than-normal) tropical cyclogenesis is defined as a 'high year' ('low year').In light of the irregular periodic oscillations,the method used to construct the composite life cycle is based on nine consecutive phases in each of the cycles.Phases 1,3,5,and 7 correspond to,respectively,the time when precipitation anomalies reach theminimum,a positive transition (negative-turning-to-positive) phase,the maximum,and a negative transition phase.The results showed that the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations is associated with the interaction between a well-organized eastward propagation system from the Arabian Sea/Bay of Bengal and a westward-propagating system (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northwest-southeast direction) from the South China Sea to western Pacific during the high years,whereas the precipitation is affected during a low year by the circulation over the South China Sea and western Pacific (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northeast-southwest direction).During the high year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the west and south are transported to Guangdong by westerly anomalies and an enclosed latitudinal cell,which ascends in the Northern Hemisphere low latitudes and descends in the Southern Hemisphere low latitudes.During the low year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the south is transported to Guangdong by southwesterly wind anomalies and local ascending movements.Because the kinetic energy,westerly,easterly shift,vertical velocity and vapor transportation averaged over (109-119° E,10-20° N) is stronger in high years than those in low years,the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations in Guangdong is higher in high years than that in low years.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 29671002, 39730160 and 20023005) and the State Key Project for Fundamental Research of MOST (Grant No. G1998061370).
文摘Our serial studies from {dy1970}s on chemical composition, structure determination and formation mechanism of gallstones were reviewed. The chemical component investigation of brown-pigment gallstone demonstrated that it consists of macromolecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, bilirubin polymers and pigment polymers, and biomolecules such as cholesterol, bile salts, calcium salts of carbonate, phosphate, fatty acids and bilirubinate as well as various metal ions. The binding of metal ions with bile salts and bilirubin plays important roles in gallstone formation, i.e., calcium bilirubinate complex is the major constitute of brown-pigment gallstones, and copper bilirubinate complex is critical in the black color appearance of black-pigment gallstone. The cross section of many gallstones exhibits a concentric ring structure composed of various small particles with a fractal character. This is nonlinear phenomenon in gallstone formation. Atypical model system of metal ions-deoxycholate (or cholate)-gel was chosen to mimic an in vitro pattern formation system. The experimental results suggested that a nonlinear scientific concept should be considered in understanding gallstone formation. Minor changes in the chemical composition and/or the microenvironment may lead to very different precipitate patterns with a variety of shapes, colors, appearances, and structures. A new model was suggested that periodical templets of periodical and fractal patterns were formed in the initial stage, then the spatio-temporal patterns grew gradually on it. Furthermore, the interaction between divalent metal ions and bile saltsin vitro was investigated, and the results indicated that non-stoichiometric M(DC)2-NaDC mixed complexes with mixed micelles structure can be formed in physiological condition.
