实施真空压密的沥青路面降沉量功效检测分析研究

阐述真空压密技术原理,开展真空压密沥青路面降沉量功效检测分析,通过对累积降沉量随压密遍数变化,相对降沉量随压密遍数的变化以及真空压密与常规压密下累积降沉量对比分析,验证了该技术的工程适用性。

晋焦高速公路填石路基施工与质量控制

高速公路填石路基施工与质量控制一直是影响高速公路工程质量好坏的关键之一。本文结合晋焦线施工实际,采用合理的填筑方法和厚度,选择先进的压实机具——激振力大的振动压路机和50t以上拖式振动碾,通过试验路控制碾压遍数,取得较好的压实效果。采用实测降沉量代替灌砂法检测压实度,方法简易,数据可靠。这些做法可供参考、使用。

Long-term settlement prediction of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation

The process and characteristics of loading on high-speed railway bridge pile foundation were firstly obtained by means of field research and analysis,and the corresponding loading function was presented.One-dimensional consolidation equation of elastic multilayered soils was then established with single drainage or double drainages under multilevel loading.Moreover,the formulas for calculating effective stress and settlement were derived from the Laplace numerical inversion transform.The three-dimensional composite analysis method of bridge pile group was improved,where the actual load conditions of pile foundation could be simulated,and the consolidation characteristics of soil layers beneath pile were also taken into account.Eventually,a corresponding program named LTPGS was developed to improve the calculation efficiency.The comparison between long-term settlement obtained from the proposed method and the in-situ measurements of pile foundation was illustrated,and a close agreement is obtained.The error between computed and measured results is less than 1 mm,and it gradually reduces with time.It is shown that the proposed method can effectively simulate the long-term settlement of pile foundation and program LTPGS can provide a reliable estimation.

Suspended Sediment Transport and Deposition in the Zhoushan Archipelago Sea Area

The transport mechanism and settlement characteristics of suspended sediments are analyzed in this article on the basis of measured data. Results indicate that the concentration and flux of suspended sediments decrease sharply from Hangzhou Bay to the offshore area. Suspended sediment transport is mainly controlled by advection transport and gravitational circulation transport. The settling velocity of suspended sediments gradually decreases from Hangzhou Bay to the offshore area. The settlement of suspended sediments mainly takes place during the turning phase of the tidal currents.

Estimation of the Total Dust Column and Dry Deposition Flux over the Yellow Sea,China Based on Shipboard Sun Photometer Measurements:Case Study

The total dust column and the dry deposition flux were calculated based on the optical properties that were measured by a shipboard sun photometer POM-01 MK II in a cloud-free and nonfrontal dust condition on 24 April 2006. The total dust column was calculated by using an integration method of the particle size distribution; the mean value was 1.42±0.30 g m 2. A linear correlation between the total dust column and the aerosol optical depth （AOD） with a linear factor of 2.7 g m 2 over the Sahara was applied to calculate the total dust column in this study; the results were lower than these calculated by the integration method. A reasonable factor of 3.2 g m^-2 was achieved by minimizing the standard deviation （SD） of the two methods. The two layers model, which includes the deposition processes of turbulent transfer, Brownian diffusion, impaction and gravitational settling over the sea＇s surface, was used to calculate the dry deposition flux; the mean value was 5.05±2.49 μg m^-2 s^-1. A correlation among the total dust column, dry deposition flux, AOD, and effective radius was discussed. The correlation between the total better than that between dust column and the AOD was the total dust column and the effective radius; however, the correlation between the dry deposition flux and the effective radius was better than that between the dry deposition flux and the AOD.

Surface mining subsidence control based on grouting-recovery ratio theory

From an analysis of the relationships of grouting coefficients under the conditions of grouting reducing subsidence, it is concluded that the reducing subsidence rate is in direct proportion to the grouting-recovery ratio, and its proportional coefficient depends on the coefficient of reducing subsidence and collapsing coefficient.The coefficient for reducing subsidence volume φ=ΔV/V_(ash) is related to overburden lithology.The coefficient for reducing subsidence volume φ is always larger than 1.This improves the reducing subsidence rate,the grouting-recovery ratio, and the coefficient for reducing subsidence volume, which can maximize the control of surface subsidence.

Numerical analysis and field monitoring tests on shallow tunnels under weak surrounding rock

The Jianpudong No. 4 tunnel is a shallow tunnel, which belongs to Shaoshan County scenic highway in Hunan province, China and whose surrounding rock is weak. According to its characteristics, the field monitoring tests and numerical analysis were done. The mechanical characteristics of shallow tunnels under weak surrounding rock and the stress-strain rule of surrounding rock and support were analyzed. The numerical analysis results show that the settlement caused by upper bench excavating accounts for 44% of the total settlement, and the settlement caused by tunnel upper bench supporting accounts for 56% of the total settlement. The maximum axial force of shotcrete lining is 177.2 k N, which locates in hance under the secondary lining. The maximum moment of shotcrete lining is 5.08 k N·m, which locates in the arch foot. The stress curve of steel arch has three obvious stages during the tunnel construction. The maximum axial force of steel arch is 297.4 k N, which locates in tunnel vault. The axial forces of steel arch are respectively 23.5 k N and-21.8 k N, which is influenced by eccentric compression of shallow tunnel and locates in hance. The results show that there is larger earth pressure in tunnel vault which is most unfavorable position of steel arch. Therefore, the advance support should be strengthened in tunnel vault during construction process.

Combined influence of sedimentation and vegetation on the soil carbon stocks of a coastal wetland in the Changjiang estuary

Coastal wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Large quantities of sediment deposited in the Changjiang （Yangtze） estuary by the Changjiang River promote the propagation of coastal wetlands, the expansion of saltmarsh vegetation, and carbon sequestration. In this study, using the Chongming Dongtan Wetland in the Changjiang estuary as the study area, the spatial and temporal distribution of soil organic carbon （SOC） stocks and the influences of sedimentation and vegetation on the SOC stocks of the coastal wetland were examined in 2013. There was sediment accretion in the northern and middle areas of the wetland and in the Phragmites australis marsh in the southern area, and sediment erosion in the Scirpus mariqueter marsh and the bare mudflat in the southem area. More SOC accumulated in sediments of the vegetated marsh than in the bare mudflat. The total organic carbon （TOC） stocks increased in the above-ground biomass from spring to autumn and decreased in winter; in the below-ground biomass, they gradually increased from spring to winter. The TOC stocks were higher in the below-ground biomass than in the above-ground biomass in the P. australis and Spartina alterniflora marshes, but were lower in the below-ground biomass in S. mariqueter marsh. Stocks of SOC showed temporal variation and increased gradually in all transects from spring to winter. The SOC stocks tended to decrease from the high marsh down to the bare mudflat along the three transects in the order： P. australis marsh 〉 S. alterniflora marsh 〉 S. mariqueter marsh 〉 bare mudflat. The SOC stocks of the same vegetation type were higher in the northern and middle transects than in the southern transect. These results suggest that interactions between sedimentation and vegetation regulate the SOC stocks in the coastal wetland in the Changjiang estuary.

Simulating Dry Deposition Fluxes of PM_(10) and Particulate Inorganic Nitrogen over the Eastern China Seas During a Severe Asian Dust Event Using WRF-Chem Model

A WRF-Chem model including a comprehensive gas-phase nitrogen chemistry module was used to simulate a severe dust event appearing in the eastern China on 19-25 March, 2002. The modeling result well reproduced PM10 concentrations in various distances from the dust sources and the transport pathway of the dust strom. The results showed that both the concentrations and the dry deposition fluxes of PM10 increased over the China seas during the dust event following the passage of a cold front system. The maximum fluxes of PM10 in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during the dust event were 5.5 and 8.4 times of those before the event, respectively. However, the temporal variations of the dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen differed over the Yellow Sea from those over the East China Sea. Nitrate and ammonium in the whole northern China rapidly decreased because of the intrusion of dust-loaded air on 19 March. The dust plume arrived in the Yellow Sea on 20 March, decreasing the particulate inorganic nitrogen in mass concentration accordingly. The minimum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium in the Yellow Sea were about 3/5 and 1/6 of those before the dust arrival, respectively. In contrast, when the dust plume crossed over the Yangtze Delta area, it became abundant in nitrate and ammonium and increased the concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen over the East China Sea, where the maximum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium increased approximately by 4.1 and 2.6 times of those prior to the dust arrival.

Settlement Prediction for Buildings Surrounding Foundation Pits Based on a Stationary Auto-regression Model

To ensure the safety of buildings surrounding foundation pits, a study was made on a settlement monitoring and trend prediction method. A statistical testing method for analyzing the stability of a settlement monitoring datum has been discussed. According to a comprehensive survey, data of 16 stages at operating control point, were verified by a standard t test to determine the stability of the operating control point. A stationary auto-regression model, AR(p), used for the observation point settlement prediction has been investigated. Given the 16 stages of the settlement data at an observation point, the applicability of this model was analyzed. Settlement of last four stages was predicted using the stationary auto-regression model AR (1); the maximum difference between predicted and measured values was 0.6 mm, indicating good prediction results of the model. Hence, this model can be applied to settlement predictions for buildings surrounding foundation pits.

Anthropogenic,detritic and atmospheric soil-derived sources of lead in an alpine poor fen in northeast China

Ombrotrophic bogs are faithful archive of atmospheric metal deposition, but the potential for fens to reconstruct environmental change is often underestimated. In this study, some new data on the Pb depositional history in northeast China were provided using two ^210Pb-dated peat sequences from a poor fen in the Fenghuang Mountain of Heilongjiang province. Anthropogenic, detritic and atmospheric soil sources were discriminated using a two-step sequential digestion （weak acid leaching to liberate mobile Pb which is often regarded as anthropogenic Pb, especially for recent samples） and a ratio of unsupported ^210Pb and supported ^210Pb with the logic of that the ^214Pb mainly represents the residual detritus （constant throughout the core） and the unsupported ^210Pb arises from atmospheric fallout. A higher ^210Pb/^214Pb suggests more contributions from atmospheric deposition to the Pb content in the peat, and a ratio of 10 was defined to indicate the boundary between detrific input and atmospheric deposition. The detritic Pb was estimated to be 10-13 mg·kg^-1, the anthropogenic Pb ranged from 10-80 mg·kg^-1, and the atmospheric soil-derived Pb ranged from 〈 5 mg·kg^-1 to 30 mg·kg^-1. The history of anthropogenic Pb pollution over the last 150 years was reconstructed, and the calculated Pb deposition rate （AR Pb） ranged from 5 to 56 mg·m^-2·yr^-1. Using Ti as a reliable reference, the enrichment factor of Pb （EF Pb） relative to the upper continental crust was calculated. Both AR Pb and EF Pb increased with time, especially after the foundation of the People＇s Republic of China. This is consistent with increasing industrialization and coal burning in the last 60 years in northeast China. The present record of anthropogenic Pb deposition was consistent with the previous reports and an increasing trend of environmental pollution due to anthropogenic activities, in contrasts to Europe and North America which have experienced a major environmental cleanup. For the first time, this work estimates atmospheric Pb deposition via a minerotrophic peat core in China. This will enhance the use of peat archives for studies of environmental change.

Effects of Atmosphere Deposition on Nitrogen Content of Two Poaceae Plants

[Objective] It was to study nitrogen use efficiency under the condition of deposition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), further revealing the difference in gene variation.[Method] A pot experiment was conducted under 3 treatments of rainwater, ammonium-N (aN) and nitrate-N (nN).[Result] In the treatments of aN and nN, the biomass and N contents in plants were obviously higher than those in rainwater treatment, while the largest biomass(36.116 g) was observed in nN treatment. The absorption to aN was best to perennial ryegrass while nN to barley. According to the differential analysis of N content, treatments of both aN and nN was nitrogen superfluous, which led to release excessive N to the atmosphere, and the rainwater treatment and the control were N deficient, the largest N absorption from atmosphere was 0.698 g in rainwater treatment.[Conclusion] Average N use efficiency contributed by atmosphere N deposition ranged from 1.321%-6.116%, while the control of barley had the highest of 6.116%.

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Yangtze River Delta:insights gained from the nitrogen content and isotopic composition of the moss Haplocladium microphyllum

Simple and inexpensive estimation of the rates and sources of atmospheric nitrogen(N)deposition is critical for its effective mitigation in a region with different land-use types.In this study,the N content and N isotopic composition(δ15N)of moss(Haplocladium microphyllum)tissues and precipitation at six sites with three land-use types(urban,suburban,and rural)were measured in the Yangtze River Delta.A significant linear relationship between moss N content and wet N deposition,and a consistent decrease trend for moss N content and wet N deposition from urban to suburban to rural areas were observed.More negativeδ15N of suburban and rural mosses indicated N mainly released from agriculture and effluent,while the less negativeδ15N of urban mosses were mainly influenced by fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions.Although the negative mossδ15N indicates that reduced N dominates wet N deposition,there was no significant correlation between mossδ15N and the ratio of ammonium to nitrate(NH4+/NO3−).These results reveal that the moss N content andδ15N can be used as a complementary tool for estimating the rates and sources of wet N deposition in a region with different land-use types.

A STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE VARIATION OF THE PRECIPITATION IN EASTERN JIANGHUAI WATERSHED AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN CHIHE RIVER VALLEY

Rainfall resource is very important to the development of society and economy,especially to eastern Jianghuai watershed which is now facing serious challenge of water shortage. Based on the observational records covering the period from 1957 to 1999,the characteristics of precipitation changing over eastern JiangHuai watershed and its connection to sediment discharge in Chihe River valley were studied using tendency analysis and correlation analysis .Results show that the rainfall in this area had a declining tendency in Spring at a rate of -21.2mm/10a, annual and Summer precipitation was increasing at the rate of 10.6mm/10a and 14.8mm/10a. The gray correlation analysis shows that sediment discharge correlates most closely with runoffs and the frequency of the rainstorm with a daily precipitation of 50-100mm, on the second place,with the rainfall and the frequency of the rainstorm of a daily precipitation no less than 100mm;and thirdly with the number of rainy days. In addition, the paper suggests the major countermeasures and methods for controlling of soil and water losses in this area.

Preliminary Assessment of Total Mercury in Bulk Precipitation around Olkaria Area, Kenya

Geothermal power plants are receiving increasing attention as regards the mobilization of mercury （Hg） to the environment. Hg is a trace element that may be present in the geothermal fluid, but due to its volatility, it is transferred mainly into the vapor phase. Hence, it may be mostly discharged to the atmosphere with the non-condensable gases. Olkaria geothermal field hosts 3 geothermal power plants. In this area Hg deposition fluxes have not been studied. Concentrations and wet deposition fluxes of total mercury （T-Hg） were determined from April 2009 to May 2010 at 2 sites in this field. Event-based precipitation samples were collected using fabricated bulk precipitation samplers. Samples were treated according to trace metal protocol and analyzed by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry （CVAFS）. This paper thus reports the first ever determination of T-Hg concentrations and fluxes in precipitation. The T-Hg concentration in samples ranged from 0.002-0.0602 μg/L at the two sites, however, the volume-weighted mean concentration and wet deposition flux were 0.01974 and 0.02884μg.L^-1 and 0.0167-1.45 μg.m2 during the study period. The annual volume-weighted mean wet deposition fluxes of T-Hg for 2 sites were 13.74 and 19.83 μg.m-2.yr-1 with an average flux of 16.785μg.m-2.yr-1. Hg concentrations and the Hg fluxes in precipitation showed seasonal trends being lowest in the short-rains and highest in the long rains. The concentrations of T-Hg for the 2 sites is negatively correlated with the precipitation depth （r2 = 0.26 ＆ r2 = 0.0065）, suggesting that scavenging of particle-bound mercury from the atmosphere is an important mechanism contributing to mercury in rainwater. Mean Hg concentrations in precipitation at the study sites were comparable to the ranges reported for Canada and the USA by the Mercury Deposition Network （MDN）.

Establishment and Data Processing of High-Precision City Subsidence Monitoring Network by GPS Surveying Instead of Leveling

The feasibility of moni-toring the change of city settlementusing GPS surveying instead of level-ing is studied. A fiducial network anda monitoring network are establishedin Ningbo city. Two periods of GPSobservation are completed. Somemeasures are taken during the obser-vation in order to ensure to obtain thehigh-precise height component. TheSaastamoinen model is adopted in thedata processing of the dry componentpart of the tropospheric delay. Thewet component change of the tropo-spheric delay is estimated by stochasticprocesses model. When Bernese soft-ware is used to process the data, themillimeter level precision of heightmeasuring is achieved.

Assessment of Seasonal Sedimentation in Rain-fed Irrigation Reservoirs by a Hillslope Erosion Modeling Approach

A distributed hillslope model is presented for the computation of seasonal sediment loads flowing into the rain-fed irrigation reservoirs (tanks) from the mountainous catchments in Sri Lanka. The model is based on the subdivision of the catchment into hillslopes and application of a sediment transport capacity equation at hillslope scale and computation of sediment loads transported to the tanks. Coarse and fine sediment loads due to hourly excess rainfall during a season are separately estimated. The model depends on fewer parameters and can be easily calibrated for a tank. The model calibration only requires measurements of coarse and fine sediment loads transported into the tank due to several rainfalls of different intensities from a representative subcatchment of the tank. Coarse sediment loads are measured by using a sediment trap installed across an ephemeral stream draining the subcatchment. Fine sediment loads are obtained by measuring the discharge and accompanied sediment concentrations over the sediment trap. The model is calibrated, verified and applied for an irrigation tank in Sri Lanka to estimate the seasonal sedimentation loads.

Evaluation of Data Replacement Strategies for CASTNET Dry Deposition Modeling

The U.S. EPA （Environmental Protection Agency） established the CASTNET （Clean Air Status and Trends Network） and its predecessor, the NDDN （national dry deposition network）, as national air quality and meteorological monitoring networks. Both CASTNET and NDDN were designed to measure concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen gases and particles. Both networks also estimate dry deposition using an inferential model. The design was based on the concept that atmospheric dry deposition flux could be estimated as the product of a measured air pollutant concentration and a modeled deposition velocity （Vd）. The MLM （multi-layer model）, the computer model used to simulate dry deposition, requires information on meteorological conditions and vegetative cover as model input. The MLM calculates hourly Fa for each pollutant, but any missing meteorological data for an hour renders Vd missing for that hour. Because of percent completeness requirements for aggregating data for long-term estimates, annual deposition rates for some sites are not always available primarily because of missing or invalid meteorological input data. In this work, three methods for replacing missing on-site measurements are investigated. These include （1） using historical values of deposition velocity or （2） historical meteorological measurements from the site being modeled or （3） current meteorological data from nearby sites to substitute for missing inputs and thereby improve data completeness for the network＇s dry deposition estimates. Results for a CASTNET site used to test the methods show promise for using historical measurements of weekly average meteorological parameters.

Research on construction technology of gravity wharf

Gravity wharfis a kind of wharf which is widely used. At the dock construction, usually meet various such as trench back silt, rear edge backfill, rail displacement settlement of a series of; control of these problems and solve for the construction quality of the pier is very heavy. Based on some experiences in the construction of wharf, this paper puts forward some methods to solve and control some of the above problems.

Land subsidence monitoring by D-InSAR technique

Nowadays, the researches of using Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) tech- nique to monitor the land subsidence are mainly on how to qualitatively analyze the subsidence areas and values, but the analysis of subsidence process and mechanism are insufficient. In order to resolve these problems, 6 scenes of ERS1/2 images captured during 1995 and 2000 in a certain place of Jiangsu province were selected to obtain the subsidence and velocities in three time segments by ''two-pass'' D- InSAR method. Then the relationships among distributions of pumping wells, exploitation quantity of groundwater, and confined water levels were studied and the subsidence mechanism was systematically analyzed. The results show that using D-InSAR technique to monitor the deformation of large area can obtain high accuracies, the disadvantages of classical observation methods can be remedied and there is a linear relationship among the velocities of land subsidence, the water level and the exploitation quantity.