处理厨余垃圾的高温菌剂研制及其降解性质研究

利用高温菌耐热嗜热的特性和有机物好氧分解的基本原理,从厨余垃圾处理系统中分离筛选到6株在65℃能产生淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白质酶及纤维素酶的高温高效菌种.经鉴定,所分离得到的高温菌株都有芽孢,属于兼性细菌.经安全性检测6株高温菌中未检测到沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌等致病菌,说明分离到的高温菌不存在致病性因素.通过最佳菌株组合后对厨余垃圾进行降解试验,最终确定4株(HB1,HB2,HB4和HB6)制成高温菌剂.将该菌剂在100kg厨余垃圾处理机上进行降解试验,结果表明:一次性投入5%菌剂后升温至65℃,24h内对厨余垃圾中粗脂肪和粗纤维有明显的降解效果,降解效率分别为30.7%和11.3%,粗蛋白含量增加了9.5%.继续对厨余垃圾处理48h,其有机物分解率几乎没有得到提高,说明大部分有机物在24h内即可被分离出的高温菌剂所降解.

假单胞菌P_(12)对菲的降解

从武汉石油化工厂的活性污泥中,分离到一株可以以菲为唯一碳源和能源的假单胞菌P_(12)该菌经靛蓝产生法测定有双加氧酶,在菲无机盐培养基中生长时,有3-菲酚物质积累,经检测有一条质粒带。用丝裂霉素C消除质粒后的菌落,失去了降解菲的能力,说明P_(12)对菲的降解功能是由质粒控制的。

多氯联苯降解菌Pcb6所含质粒的某些特性的研究

研究证明,某些土壤微生物可以分解多氯联苯(PCBs)。笔者也曾报道过几株能够降解PCBs的细菌。细菌降解质粒可赋予细菌分解代谢各种复杂有机化合物的能力。Kamp和Furukawa等曾分别发现了能够将4-氯联苯和3,5-二氯联苯转化成对应的氯苯甲酸的质粒。 Pseudo monas.sp.Pcb6是一株含有质粒的PCBs降解菌,它对4-PCB、PCB-42、PCB-48和Aroclor1254降解效果显著,并具有明显的脱氯作用。本实验对该质粒的某些生物学特性进行了研究。

Effects of Nitric Oxide on the Germination of Wheat Seeds and Its Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolisms Under Osmotic Stress

Effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, on the germination and metabolism of reactive oxygen species were surveyed in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. Germination of wheat seeds and even the elongation of radicle and plumule were dramatically promoted by SNP treatments during the germination under osmotic stress. Meanwhile, activities of amylase and EP were enhanced, thus leading to the degradation of storage reserve in seeds. After osmotic stress was removed, higher viability of wheat seeds was also maintained. In addition, the activities of CAT, APX and the content of proline were increased by SNP treatment simultaneously, but activities of LOX were inhibited, and both of which were beneficial for improving the antioxidant capacity during the germination of wheat seeds under osmotic stress. It was also shown that the increase of the activity of amylase induced by SNP in embryoless half-seeds of wheat in the beginning period of germination (6 h) might be indirectly related to GA(3).

Influence of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on degradation and preg-robbing capacity of activated carbon

The effect of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on degradation and preg-robbing capacity of activated carbon,which was used as a substitute of carbonaceous matter in carbonaceous gold ores,was studied.After 14 d treatment with Phanerochaete chrysosporium,the degradation rate of activated carbon reached 27.59%.The XRD and FTIR analyses indicate that Phanerochaete chrysosporium can distort the micro-crystalline structure of activated carbon,increase the number of oxygen-containing groups and aliphatics and make the aromatic structures be oxidized and exfoliated.The gold-adsorption tests show that Phanerochaete chrysosporium can reduce the preg-robbing capacity of activated carbon by 12.88%.This indicates that Phanerochaete chrysosporium is an available microorganism,and it can be employed to reduce the preg-robbing capacity of carbonaceous matter and improve the gold leaching rate.The combined effect of passivation,alkalization and oxidation of biological enzymes-free radicals of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on carbonaceous matter was also discussed.

Ozonation and Biodegradability of Lignin in Water

To convert the non biodegradable sodium lignin sulfonate into biodegradable substances, the sodium lignin sulfonate in the water was ozonized and the pH value, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), ultraviolet absorbency at λ =254 nm(UVA) and the biodegradability of the ozonation effluent were measured. The non biodegradable sodium lignin sulfonate can be partly converted into biodegradable substances by ozonation (about 38 76%). In the ozonation process, there is little DOC decrease, but much UVA decrease and obvious pH drop.

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The responses of the growth and metabolism activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium （P. chrysosporium） to cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb） and their combined pollution stress, were investigated in plate and liquid culture conditions. The diameter of colony, biomass ofP. chrysosporium, ligninolytic enzyme activities and bioaccumulation quantity of heavy metals were detected. The results indicated that Cd was more toxic than Pb to P. chrysosporium and the toxicity of Cd and Pb to P. chrysosporium was further strengthened under Cd＋Pb combined pollution in different culture conditions. Heavy metals Cd and Pb had indirect influence on the production of ligninolytic enzymes by directly affecting the fungal growth and metabolic activity, and by another way in liquid culture. In addition, the results provided an evidence of the accumulation of Cd and Pb on the mycelia ofP. chrysosporium.

Heavy metal contamination, physico-chemical and microbial evaluation of water samples collected from chromite mine environment of Sukinda, India

Water samples from chromite mine quarry of Sukinda and its adjacent areas were analyzed for their heavy metal contamination along with physico-chemical and microbial contents. The chromite mine water samples possessed high concentrations of heavy metals in the order of Cr〉Fe〉Zn〉Ni〉Co〉Mn while ground water did not show any heavy metal contamination except Fe. Physico-chemical parameters of mine water samples showed deviation from those of normal water. Mine water harboured low microbial populations of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in comparison with mine adjacent water samples. The correlation of data between metals with physico-chemical parameters showed both positive and negative responses while that of metal and microbial population exhibited negative correlation. Bacterial strains isolated from chromite mine water exhibited high tolerance towards chromium and other heavy metals as well as antibiotics which could be used as an indicator of heavy metal pollution.

Ecological Behavior of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) in Soil-Plant Systems

More and more linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has contaminated the water and soil ma pollution discharge, making it important to identify the ecological behavior and toxicity of LAS so as to carry out measures that will reduce its negative effects on the ecosystem. The ecological behavior of LAS. including degradation, migration, and plant uptake, in both soil-paddy rice and soil-soybean systems was studied. Reduction of LAS in pot and field plots followed the first order reaction kinetics with degradation half-lives of 35-50 days with LAS decreasing to very low concentrations after a season of crop growth. Strong migration ability for LAS was found and the breakthrough time in a 1.5 in soil monolith was significantly shortened to 23 days by preferential flow. Leachate volumes of soil-paddy and soil-soybean systems at preferential breakthrough were much different, while the leachate volumes at equilibrium governed by soil adsorption/desorption processes were very similar. Significant uptake of LAS in both paddy rice and sovbeans was observed in pot and field experiments (P < 0.05). In aquatic culture, 20 μg mL-1 and above of LAS significantly inhibited the growth of paddy seedlings (P < 0.05). The critical concentration for LAS in soil inhibiting the growth and yield of paddy was 160 μg g-1; when higher, there was a strong negative influence, with decreases in height, spike length, and production, when lower than 80 μg g-1, paddy growth was stimulated. There was little effect of LAS on soybeans.

High photocatalytic activities of zinc oxide nanotube arrays modified with tungsten trioxide nanoparticles

Well‐aligned zinc oxide(ZnO)nanotube arrays loaded with tungsten trioxide(WO3)nanoparticles were synthesized by a process involving chemical bath deposition in combination with pyrolysis.The prepared ZnO–WO3composites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction,energy dispersive spectrometer,field emission scanning electron microscopy,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,photoluminescence spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.The photocatalytic activities of the ZnO–WO3composite photocatalysts with different WO3contents for the degradation of the herbicide chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid(MCPA‐Na)under simulated sunlight irradiation were systematically evaluated.It was found that the WO3content had a great effect on the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO–WO3composites.The composite with3%WO3showed the highest photocatalytic activity,with a degradation rate of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid of98.5%after200min with20mg of photocatalyst.This photodegradation rate was about twice that of the pristine ZnO nanotube array.The recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes was increasingly suppressed with the addition of WO3to ZnO.The high relative content of defects on the surface of the ZnO–WO3composites was beneficial to their photocatalytic activity in the degradation of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

The Life of a Protein Molecule——Protein Quality Control

The research progress in molecular chaperones, unfolded protein response （UPR） and ER-associated degradation （ERAD） involved in the protein quality control was summarized in this paper, and then the existing problems and the future devel- opment prospect were also discussed. It was pointed out that the life process of protein experienced four stages including synthesizing, folding, assembling and degradation, while each stage required strict quality control. In endoplasmic reticulum （ER）, a variety of proteins had been synthesized, folded and modified to form func- tional proteins with certain conformation. When the folding was blocked in ER, the unfolded proteins would aggregate and induce the UPR, which up-regulated the level of modification enzymes folded by a series of molecular chaperones and proteins to help them accomplish folding and assembling. If these proteins were still folded incorrectly, they would enter into ERAD for being degraded.

Study on Water－Soluble Organic Reducing Substances：Ⅲ．Electrochemical Properties of Decomposition Products of Rice Straw and Their Interactions with Variable Charge Soils

Some electrochemical properties,such as PH,Eh,and voltammetric behavior,of the decomposition products of rice straw and the in eractions of these products with soils were studied.The PH,Eh,and amounts of organic reducing substances changed markedly during the 60-day anaerobic decomposition.pH decreased sharply to pH 5 on the tenth day and then increased gradually to 7 on the 45th day.The amouats of organic reducing substances increased almost synchronously with the fall of redox potential during the first 15 days.The differential pulse voltammetric(dpv) behavior changed not only in the peak current but also in the peak potential.The fractions with apparent molecular weights lower than 200 dations appeared to be active in dpv behavior.The electric charge of organic reducing substances was closely related to the decomposition stage.The 6th day of incubation was the crucial time before and after which the major part of the components was negatively charged and positively charged, respectively.The group with a low apparent molecular weight and a negative charge was the main components responsible for the lower anodic peak potentials.They were oxidized first during the interactions of the organic reducing substances with soils.

Isolation and Properties Characterization of Biosurfactant Synthesized by Pyrene Degrading Bacillus subtilis C19

Bacillus subtilis strain C19, capable of ulilizing pyrene as a sole of carbon and energy, was isolated from marine Indonesian Archipelago. In biodegradation of pyrene by B. subtilis C19, various metabolites was isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectral analyses. Lipopeptide biosurfactant was produced and it has stable emulsification activity. Biosurfactant was produced for enhancing pyrene uptake and bioavaibility. After 30 days incubation, there were no toxic metabolite and biodegradation of pyrene was already complete （only 0.02% undegradable metabolite）. Therefore, this strain is suitable for PAHs （polyaromatic hydrocarbons） contaminated environment recovery.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(LACTIC ACID-CO-GLYCOL TEREPHTHALIC ACID)COPOLYESTER

To obtain a kind of biodegradable polymer material with satisfactory properties, a new biodegradable copolyester poly（lactic acid-co-glycol terephthalate） （PETA）, was synthesized from three monomers of lactic acid, glycol and terephthalic acid. The resulting copolyesters, PETA, were characterized by FT-IR, ^1H-NMR, DSC, TGA and by the ways of weight loss rate to characterize their biodegradability. The findings in this work indicated that, the Tins and Tas of copolyesters PETA increased with increasing contents of the terephthalic acid units. From the biodegradation tests in natural soil, boiling water, acid buffer solution and alkali buffer solution, it was shown that the biodegradability of copolyesters PETA decreased with increasing contents of the terephthalic acid units.

氯代芳香化合物的微生物降解研究

生物技术对消除有毒化学品已显示出广阔的应用前景，深入研究有毒化学品微生物降解的生物化学和遗传学，可按照预期目的构建具有更大降解能力的遗传工程菌株，以促使污染物的无害化资源化。本文对纯菌株降解氯代芳香化合物的降解途径、降解性质粒和遗传工程菌株的构建等诸方面进行了综述。

Anaerobic biodegradation of RDX and HMX with different co-substrates

Simulated wastewater of hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine （RDX） and octahydro- 1,3,5,7-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7- tetrazocine （HMX） was treated under anaerobic conditions with co-substrates such as ammonium chloride, dex- trose, sodium acetic, sodium nitrate and sulfate. The results showed that with nitrogen compounds such as ammonium chloride added as co-substrate, no significant change was observed, indicating that the molar ratio of N/C for RDX and HMX is sufficient for biodegradation. With the addition of dextrose and acetate to the system, biodegradation efficiency was enhanced greatly. For example, with dextrose as the co-substrate, degradation efficiency of 99.1% and 98.5% was achieved for RDX and HMX, respectively, after treatment for 7 days. When so- dium acetic was used as the co-substrate, the enhancement of degradation percentage was similar, but was not as high as that with dextrose, indicating the selectivity of RDX and HMX to co-substrate during anaerobic degrada- tion. With sodium nitrate as the co-substrate, the degradation efficiency of RDX or HMX decreased with the increase of salt concentration. Sodium sulfate has no significant effect on the biodegradation of RDX and HMX. A well-selected co-substrate should be employed in applications for degradation of RDX and HMX wastewaters.

CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF SPODOPTERA LITURA UBIQUITIN GENE

Ubiquitin (UBI) plays a very important role in regulated non-lysosoma l ATP dependent protein degradation. In the present work, the coding sequence of Spodoptera litura UBI gene was isolated (GenBank Accession No. AF436066). Th e le ngth of this ORF is 228bp, encoding a protein with Mr of 8.56 kD and isoelectri c point of 6.56. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that S.litura UBI is very similar to the homologous proteins of other eukaryotic species and it has 84% id entity with S.litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltMNPV) UBI at amino acid level . RT -PCR analysis showed that S.litura UBI gene is ubiquitously expressed in la rva t issues which are susceptible to SpltMNPV infection. By constructing E.coli e xpre ssion vector, S.litura UBI was highly expressed and the recombinant protein was purified using Ni-NTA resin column, and currently further study on the function of S.litura UBI in SpltMNPV infection is underway.

Soil Quality Degradation in a Magnesite Mining Area

Fourteen soil properties in 17 sampling sites were analyzed to study the soil degradation in a magnesite mining area in Halcheng City, Northeast China. Such areas have hitherto received little attention. The current practices of magnesite mining in this area resulted in degradation of soil quality and specifically led to an increase in soil pH, the ratio of magnesium to calcium, bulk density, clay dispersibility, total magnesium and equivalent calcium carbonate and a decrease in surface soil porosity and available phosphorous. The soil quality in the areas affected by intensive mining activity was obviously worse than that of areas far away from the mine. Four factors were identified and ＂magnesium factor＂, ＂pH factor＂ and ＂fertility factor＂, involving 13 soil properties, explained 82~0 of the total variance in the entire data set. Discriminant analysis showed that the total magnesium, water-soluble calcium and available phosphorous were the most sensitive indicators for soil quality.

Crude-oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction in the northern Songliao Basin

Crude oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction are important bases in petroleum exploration. A total of 54 oil/heavy-oil samples and 17 oil sands were analyzed and quantified using both comprehensive 2D gas chromatog raphy （GCxGC） and comprehensive 2D gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry （GCxGC/TOFMS）. The results show that crude oil in the West slope is mainly heavy oil and its hydrocarbon composition is characterized overall by paraf fins 〉 mono-aromatics 〉 naphthenes 〉 non-hydrocarbons 〉 di-aromatics 〉 tri-aromatics 〉 tetra-aromatics. Aromatics are most abundant and non-hydrocarbons are least abundant, whilst content differences among paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and non-hydrocarbons are less than 15%. There are two types of heavy oil, secondary type and mixing type. Biodegradation is the main formation mechanism of heavy oil. Biodegradation levels cover light biodegradation, moderate biodegradation, and se- vere biodegradation. With increasing biodegradation, paraffin content decreases while contents of aromatics and non- hydrocarbons increase. In contrast, naphthene content increases first and then decreases with increasing biodegradation. In se- vere biodegradation stage, naphthenes decrease more quickly than aromatics and non-hydrocarbons. This provides a new method for studying oil/heavy-oil biodegradation mechanism and biodegradation resistance of different hydrocarbons at dif- ferent biodegradation stages. In the Longhupao-Daan terrace and Qijia-Gulong depression, most crude oil is conventional oil. Its composition is dominated by paraffins with the lowest content of aromatics. In some casual oil wells from the Long- hupao-Daan terrace, crude oil from Saertu oil reservoirs is moderately biodegraded whereas crude oil from Putaohua oil reser voir is lightly biodegraded. Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for deter mining organic type and thermal maturity of biodegraded oil, especially of moderately or severely biodegraded oil, whilst Ts/（Ts＋Tm） ratio can be used to determine thermal maturity of both conventional crude oil and heavy oil.