We demonstrate the constant feedback and the modified constant feedback method to the Hénon map. Using the convergence of the chaotic orbit in finite time, we can control the system from chaos to the stable fixed...We demonstrate the constant feedback and the modified constant feedback method to the Hénon map. Using the convergence of the chaotic orbit in finite time, we can control the system from chaos to the stable fixed point, and even to the stable period-2 orbit or higher periodic orbit by the action of a proper feedback strength and pulse interval. We also find that the multi-steady solutions appear with the same control strength and different initial conditions. The aim of this control method is explicit and the feedback strength is easy to determine. The method is robust under the presence of weak external noise.展开更多
We report that Western Sandpipers （Calidris mauri） on Alaska’s Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta exhibited aggregated breeding behavior at a relatively small spatial scale. Prior to clutch initiation, males performing so...We report that Western Sandpipers （Calidris mauri） on Alaska’s Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta exhibited aggregated breeding behavior at a relatively small spatial scale. Prior to clutch initiation, males performing song flight displays on a 36 ha plot were aggregated as were subsequent initial nesting attempts on the plot. We tested three hypotheses commonly invoked to explain aggregated breeding in territorial species （social mate choice, predation, and material resources hypotheses）, and found support for the material resources hypothesis, as dispersed individuals were more often associated with tundra habitat patches, and aggregated individuals nested more often in undulating-tundra habitat patches compared to patch availability. The pattern of habitat occupancy conformed to an ideal despotic distribution with aggregated nesting birds in undulating-tundra patches experiencing lower reproductive success. On our study plot, older, more aggressive males solicited females more often, and defended larger, more dispersed sites in tundra habitat patches, compared to younger, less aggressive males that were aggregated in undulating-tundra habitat patches. Breeding aggregations are often concentrated on or near a critical resource. In contrast, Western Sandpiper breeding aggregations occur when dominant and/or older individuals exclude younger, subordinate individuals from preferred habitat. Although many taxa of non-colonial birds have been reported to aggregate breeding territories, this is the first quantitative report of aggregated breeding behavior in a non-colonial monogamous shorebird species prior to hatch.展开更多
基金The project supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10335010
文摘We demonstrate the constant feedback and the modified constant feedback method to the Hénon map. Using the convergence of the chaotic orbit in finite time, we can control the system from chaos to the stable fixed point, and even to the stable period-2 orbit or higher periodic orbit by the action of a proper feedback strength and pulse interval. We also find that the multi-steady solutions appear with the same control strength and different initial conditions. The aim of this control method is explicit and the feedback strength is easy to determine. The method is robust under the presence of weak external noise.
文摘We report that Western Sandpipers （Calidris mauri） on Alaska’s Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta exhibited aggregated breeding behavior at a relatively small spatial scale. Prior to clutch initiation, males performing song flight displays on a 36 ha plot were aggregated as were subsequent initial nesting attempts on the plot. We tested three hypotheses commonly invoked to explain aggregated breeding in territorial species （social mate choice, predation, and material resources hypotheses）, and found support for the material resources hypothesis, as dispersed individuals were more often associated with tundra habitat patches, and aggregated individuals nested more often in undulating-tundra habitat patches compared to patch availability. The pattern of habitat occupancy conformed to an ideal despotic distribution with aggregated nesting birds in undulating-tundra patches experiencing lower reproductive success. On our study plot, older, more aggressive males solicited females more often, and defended larger, more dispersed sites in tundra habitat patches, compared to younger, less aggressive males that were aggregated in undulating-tundra habitat patches. Breeding aggregations are often concentrated on or near a critical resource. In contrast, Western Sandpiper breeding aggregations occur when dominant and/or older individuals exclude younger, subordinate individuals from preferred habitat. Although many taxa of non-colonial birds have been reported to aggregate breeding territories, this is the first quantitative report of aggregated breeding behavior in a non-colonial monogamous shorebird species prior to hatch.
