陕西土壤脲酶热力学特征研究

根据土壤脲酶动力学参数与温度的关系，借助于经典酶学理论，较为系统地研究了陕西水稻土、褐土、蝼土脲酶的热力学特征。结果表明，将整个酶促反应划分为酶-底物复合物形成和分解两个阶段分别计算其热力学函数是可行的，得到了更多酶促反应机理方面的信息；不同土样脲酶复合物形成和分解阶段的温度系数Q10、活化能Ea、活化焓△H、活化熵△S和活化自由能△G有明显差异；土壤脲酶的Q10范围为0．82～2．48；两阶段土壤脲酶除个别处理外Ea、△H1、△H2、△S均大于零，揭示出形成和分解阶段酶促反应的有序性较差，混乱度较大，需要外界提供更多能量来完成酶活性部位与反应物的互补契合以及解离，最终完成酶促反应；形成阶段△G1和整个反应的△G、△H均小于零，表明形成阶段和整个酶促反应为一可自发进行的放热反应，总体上不需要外界能量即可完成；各土样分解阶段的△G2均大于零，表明土壤类型、肥力状况等对酶促反应的复合物分解过程的可能性无显著影响，复合物分解是酶促反应的限速步骤。可见得到的热力学参数从多方面共同表征了各土样酶促反应机理上的细微差异。

Cu^(2+)、Zn^(2+)复合条件下Cd^(2+)在陕西5种土壤中的吸附

通过平衡吸附的方法,研究了Cd2+在单一及与Cu2+、Zn2+复合条件下,在陕西塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土、黄褐土、砂土5种土壤中的吸附特征,并通过多重相关分析探讨了其吸附机制。结果表明,在20、30℃条件下,Cd2+在各供试土样中吸附等温线总体上呈H或L型等温线形式,黑垆土对Cd2+总是吸附最强,而砂土的吸附总是最弱;Cd2+吸附的温度效应呈现升温负效应特征,塿土土样中,Cu2+的共存对其温度效应影响较大,而在其他4种土样中Zn2+的共存具有较大影响;Cu2+、Zn2+的共存均降低了Cd2+的吸附量,具有显著的拮抗作用;Freundlich模型是描述Cd2+吸附等温线最佳模型。相关分析结果表明,Cd2+在土壤中的吸附主要以电性引力吸附为主,Cu2+的共存主要和其与土壤有机质之间的络和吸附等化学吸附作用有关,因此其对Cd2+以化学竞争性吸附的影响相对较弱,而Zn2+共存吸附与Cd2+吸附机制类似,因此表现出Zn2+共存对Cd2+吸附影响较大的特点。

Effect of Different Land Use Patterns on Physical Properties of Soil Water in Yellow River Wetland in Shaanxi Province

[Objective] This study was to reveal the effect of different land use patterns on physical characteristics of soil water in the Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi Province.[Method]Taking Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi Province as experimental plot,we compared the physical properties of the soil water under different land use patterns and studied the physical properties and the change law of soil water during the wetland degeneration process.[Result]Under different land use patterns,soil bulk density rose with the increase of soil depth.During the degeneration process of from river wetland to reclaimed wetland（paddy field）,finally to abandoned land owing to salinization,the mean soil bulk density reduced correspondingly from 1.474 to 1.522 g/cm3,finally to 1.593 g/cm3 when abandoned.Accompanying wetland degeneration,soil became compact increasingly,and the indicators of soil porosity（total porosity,capillary porosity,non-capillary porosity）were also reduced with the change of land use patterns,in which,capillary porosity and total porosity reached the extremely significant level with the change of land use patterns,and non-capillary porosity reached significant level.The changes of soil porosity condition accelerated the deterioration of wetland.Under different land use patterns,the maximum soil moisture capacity,capillary moisture capacity and minimum moisture capacity all showed a similar change law.Compared with wetland,the maximum soil moisture capacity of reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land respectively decreased by 5.7% and 22.3%,capillary moisture capacity by 0.2% and 19.4%,minimum moisture capacity by 2.7% and 15.9%.Of the three land use patterns,wetland displayed both higher water holding capacity and water drainage capacity over reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land.By comparison with wetland,the reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land respectively decreased by 12.4% and 15.2% in total water holding capacity,and by 2.7% and 15.9% in total water drainage capacity.[Conclusion]To conserve the water resource in Yellow River wetland,regulate the hydrological cycle and enhance drought and water logging resistances,it should be noted that reasonable countermeasures be taken to exploit the state-owned forest land and paddy field around the wetland and the related resources.

Magnetic properties of two soil profiles from Yan'an,Shaanxi Province and their implications for paleorainfall reconstruction

The physical and chemical properties of soils are closely controlled by the climate factors and thus are significant for paleoclimate reconstruction. In this study, two adjacent soil profiles （LP and LPM） with different slopes from Yah＇an, Shaanxi Province, were investigated using magnetic methods to determine the impact of topography on magnetic properties of soil. Our results show that although LP and LPM have similar magnetic minerals and grain size distribution, both the average and max- imum magnetic susceptibility （Z） of LP are almost doubled compared to those of LPM. In addition, the ratios of susceptibility enhancement to the background （Ez） for LP and LPM are 2.27 and 2.04, respectively; the ratios of saturation isothermal rem- nant magnetization （SIRM） enhancement （EsIRM） for these two profiles are 1.80 and 1.86, respectively. The slopes of the linear regression trends between frequency-dependent susceptibility （ZFD） and ＂hard＂ isothermal remnant magnetization （HIRM） （ZFD/HIRM）, Anhysteretic remnant magnetization （ARM） and HIRM （ARM/HIRM）, are almost free from the effect of parent material. XFD/HIRMs for LP and LPM are 28.7×10 5 and 28.9×10 5 A m^-1, respectively; ARM/HIRMs are 0.35 and 0.33 for LP and LPM, respectively. These results demonstrate that parameters, ZFD/HIRM, ARM/HIRM, Ez and ESIRM, are affected less by parent material and topography, which are better than the Z for bulk samples to indicate the paleoclimatic conditions （e.g., the paleorainfall） in a large-scale region.