影响茶饮料质量的因素

本文介绍厂茶饮料生产的几种灌装工艺流程，探讨了成茶的质量对茶饮料品质的影响因素，并分析了茶叶的化学成份，茶汤的萃取条件对茶饮料质量的各种影响因子，最后提出了在茶饮料生产中最大的质量问题—如何除去溶解茶汤中的白色混浊物的方法。

Two-sectional struvite formation process for enhanced treatment of copper-ammonia complex wastewater

Mg2＋ and PO43＋ were added into the synthetic wastewater, leading to the dissociation of the complex ions in the wastewater, and resulting in removal of copper and ammonia therein. The effects of agents addition amount, pH, and reaction time on the removal efficiency of copper and ammonia were investigated. In particular, two-sectional struvite formation （TSSF） process was established for copper and ammonia removal. MgCl2 and Na2HPO4 were added by following 90% addition in the first section and remained 10% in the second during the TSSF process. Compared with one sectional struvite formation, TSSF possessed much better performance. Under condition of n（NH3-N）：n（Mg）：n（P）=1：1.2：1.5 （molar ratio）, pH=9, and reaction time of 30 min, the removal efficiencies of copper and ammonia were 98.9% and 99.96%, respectively. The enhanced performance of TSSF is explained by the competition of ammonia by copper？ammonia complexes and struvite. The dissociation of copper-ammonia complexes is further demonstrated by thermodynamic equilibrium analysis, on the basis of calculations and establishment of predominance phases diagram. Moreover, XRD and EDS analyses further confirmed the formation of struvite and precipitation of copper, which prove the transmission of copper and ammonia from liquid phase into solid phase.

Thermodynamic study on phosphorus removal from tungstate solution via magnesium salt precipitation method

The thermodynamic equilibrium diagrams of Mg2＋- 3-4PO - ＋4NH -H2O system at 298 K were established based on the thermodynamic calculation. From the diagram, the thermodynamic conditions for removing phosphorus from the tungstate solution by magnesium salt precipitation were obtained. The results show that when the concentration of total magnesium increases from 0.01 mol/L to 1.0 mol/L, the optimal pH for the phosphorus removal by magnesium phosphate decreases from 9.8 to 8.8. The residual concentration of total phosphorus almost keeps the level of 4.0×10-6 mol/L in the system. MgHPO4, Mg3（PO4）2 and the mixture of Mg3（PO4）2 and Mg（OH）2 are stabilized in these system, respectively. However, increasing the total concentration of magnesium has little effect on phosphorus removal by magnesium ammonium phosphate, while it is helpful for phosphorus removal by increasing the total ammonia concentration. The calculated results demonstrate that the residual concentration of total phosphorus can decrease to 5.0×10-7 mol/L as the total concentration of ammonia reaches 5.0 mol/L and the optimal pH value is 9-10. Finally, verification experiments were conducted with home-made ammonium tungstate solution containing 50 g/L WO3 and 13 g/L P. The results show that when the dosage of MgCl2 is 1.1 times of the theoretical amount, the optimum pH for removing phosphorus is 9.5, which matches with the results of the theoretical calculation exactly.

Catalytic performance of biological method seeds on jarosite process

The catalytic performance on jarosite process of jarosite seeds via biosynthesis and chemical processes were studied, respectively. The SEM and XRD results showed that biosynthetic jarosite seeds （BIO seeds） had smooth surface and mainly consisted of potassium jarosite. The chemical synthesis jarosite seeds （CHM seeds） had a loose cauliflower-like surface and mainly consisted of hydronium jarosite. The catalytic performance of BIO seeds was better than that of CHM seeds on the formation of final jarosite product. The induction time can be shortened to 20 min, the reaction temperature can be reduced to only 75 ℃, and the initial reaction speed was enhanced obviously, up to 3.933%/min. The crystallinity of final jarosite product using BIO seeds can achieve 97.22%, while it was only 12.89% without seeds. This indicates that the precipitation process of jarosite is more complete with BIO seeds.

Thermodynamic analysis on reaction behaviors of silicates in (NH_4)_2WO_4-(NH_4)_2CO_3-NH_3-H_2O system

The reaction behaviors of silicate species in （NH4）2WO4-（NH4）2CO3-NH3-H2O system are crucial to developing a greenmanufacture technique for ammonium paratungstate. In order to efficiently remove silicon from the system, the reaction behaviors ofsilicate species were systematically investigated by thermodynamic analysis. The thermodynamic analysis shows that silicate in thetungstate clinker partly decomposes in the leaching process, with 150-160 mg/L silicon thermodynamically at 25 ℃. The dissolvedsilicon can be removed by magnesium salts via forming insoluble MgSiO3. The low carbonate and high ammonia concentrations inthe system are beneficial to the removal of silicon, with silicon concentration reaching 8-10 mg/L thermodynamically, whereasMgSiO3 precipitation is hardly formed when the concentration of total carbonate is more than 1.5 mol/L. The reaction behaviors ofcalcium and magnesium were also studied in the system. The results in the verification experiments consist with the theoreticalcalculation.

Removal of arsenic from acid wastewater via sulfide precipitation and its hydrothermal mineralization stabilization

To achieve a safe treatment of arsenic-containing acid wastewater,a new process was proposed,including arsenic removal via sulfide precipitation and hydrothermal mineralization stabilization.Under optimal conditions of sulfide precipitation,99.65%of arsenic from wastewater was precipitated in the form of amorphous As2S3.The As leaching concentration of amorphous As2S3 in TCLP(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)test was up to 212.97 mg/L,therefore,hydrothermal mineralization was adopted to improve the stability of amorphous As2S3.The results showed that the As leaching concentration of mineralized As2S3 was only 4.82 mg/L.Furthermore,the amorphous As2S3 could be transformed into crystallized As2S3(orpiment)in the presence of mineralizer Na2SO4.Simultaneously,the As leaching concentration of crystallized As2S3 was further reduced to 3.86 mg/L.Hydrothermal mineralization was an effective method for the stabilization of As2S3.Therefore,this process has a greater application in the treatment of arsenic-containing wastewater.

Effect of Ferric Chloride on the Properties of Biological Sludge in Co-precipitation Phosphorus Removal Process

This paper studied the effect of ferric chloride on waste sludge digestion,dewatering and sedimentation under the optimized doses in co-precipitation phosphorus removal process.The experimental results showed that the concentration of mixed liquid suspended solid(MLSS) was 2436 mg.L-1 and 2385 mg.L-1 in co-precipitation phosphorus removal process(CPR) and biological phosphorous removal process(BPR),respectively.The sludge reduction ratio for each process was 22.6% and 24.6% in aerobic digestion,and 27.6% and 29.9% in anaerobic digestion,respectively.Due to the addition of chemical to the end of aeration tank,the sludge content of CPR was slightly higher than that of BPR,but the sludge reduction rate for both processes had no distinct difference.The sludge volume index(SVI) and sludge specific resistance of BPR were 126 ml.g-1 and 11.7×1012 m.kg-1,respectively,while those of CPR were only 98 ml.g-1 and 7.1×1012 m.kg-1,indicating that CPR chemical could improve sludge settling and dewatering.

Ultrasonic-enhanced selective sulfide precipitation of copper ions from copper smelting dust using monoclinic pyrrhotite

The sulfide passivation film produced on the surface seriously prevents further reaction in the process of using monoclinic pyrrhotite(MPr)to treat heavy metal ions in wastewater.Ultrasonic technology was introduced to assist MPr to recover the copper ions.XPS result proves that CuS products exist on the surface of MPr.XRD and SEM results show that the CuS on the particles’surface is stripped under ultrasonic condition.The kinetics results indicate that the reaction under both conventional and ultrasonic conditions conform to the Avrami model.The reaction process changes from diffusion control to chemical reaction control under the ultrasonic condition as the solid layer is stripped off.The presence of ultrasonic significantly reduces the acidity and temperature required for the reaction and enhances the utilization efficiency of MPr;by controlling the amount of MPr,the removal rates of copper and arsenic in copper smelting dust leachate exceed 99%and 95%,respectively.

Characteristic of COD removal and sludge settleability in biological treatment of hypersaline wastewater

In order to investigate the feasibility of biological treatment of bypersaline wastewater produced from toilet flushing with seawater at low temperature, pilot-scale studies were established with plug-flow activated sludge process at low temperature （5-9℃） based on bench-scale experiments. The critical salinity concentration of 30 g/L, which resulted from the cooperation results of the non-halophilic bacteria and the halophilic bacteria, was drawn in bench-scale experiment. Pilot-scale studies showed that high COD removal efficiency, higher than 85 %, was obtained at low temperature when 30 percent seawater [ seawater/（seawater ＋ sewage） ] was introduced. The salinity improved the settleability of activated sludge, and average SV dropped down from 38% to 22. 5% after adding seawater. Sludge bulking could be forborne effectively because filamentous bacteria couldn＇t subsist under high salinity concentration.

Silver removal from molten lead through zinc powder injection

A silver removal process was carried out on a Pb-Ag alloy through zinc powder injection of three different sizes （3.55, 44.4 and 734.8μm） with a top submerged lance using nitrogen as carrying gas. The higher silver removal was obtained for the zinc powder size of 44.4μm, while the lowest silver removal efficiency was attained for the smaller particle size. The AgZn phase was detected in the slag for the 44.4 and 734.8μm particle sizes by XRD, which was in agreement with SEM-EDS analysis. Experimental behavior was explained according to the melting and residence time of the injected particles.

Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Stripping and Catalytic Ozone Oxidation

In order to investigate the effect of stripping and catalytic ozone oxidation technology on COD and ammonia nitrogen removal after coagulation and sedimentation, the efficiency of ozone oxidation and catalytic ozone oxidation were compared. The experimental results showed that： stripping and catalytic ozone oxidation technology has a significant effect on landfill leachate treatment. The removal rate of the COD and NH3-N can reach 88.60% and 98.00% under the initial concentration of COD and NH3-N were 2053.35 mg/L and l 123. 76 mg/L separately.

波蘭博物馆參觀記——看希特勒的杀人厂

在和大開會前后,我們參觀了蘇聯和波蘭的若干博物舘和工廠。我們飽覽了過去時代的和社會主义、人民民主主義時代的勞動人民所创造的文明。在這期间。